IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

Volume 56, Number 5, May 2009 Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE IE Transactions Home Page

56.5.1	T. Atsumi, "Feedforward Control Using Sampled-Data Polynomial for Track Seeking in Hard Disk Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1338-1346, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: To decrease the seek time of hard disk drives, a feedforward control method was developed by using a sampled-data polynomial. The sampled-data polynomial satisfies the boundary conditions that include the characteristics of the zero-order hold, and compensates for the discretization error caused by the zero-order hold without the need for complicated calculations. Therefore, the feedforward control using the sampled-data polynomial enables real-time calculation and does not require lookup tables which need a large amount of memory. The parameters of the sampled-data polynomial are designed by using shock-response-spectrum analysis to minimize the settling vibrations caused by the feedforward control inputs. When the proposed method was applied on a hard disk drive, it significantly reduced the amount of tracking error in the seek control and also reduced the seek time.
56.5.2	M. F. Heertjes, X. G. P. Schuurbiers, H. Nijmeijer, "Performance-Improved Design of N-PID Controlled Motion Systems With Applications to Wafer Stages," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1347-1355, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A nonlinear filter design is proposed to improve nanopositioning servo performances in high-speed (and generally linear) motion systems. The design offers a means to adapt fundamental control design tradeoffs—like disturbance suppression versus noise sensitivity—which are otherwise fixed. Typically performance-limiting oscillations in the feedback system that benefit from extra control are temporarily upscaled and subjected to nonlinear weighting. For sufficiently large amplitudes, this nonlinear filter operation induces extra controller gain. Oscillations that do not benefit from this extra control (typically because they represent noise contributions that should not be amplified) remain unscaled and, as such, do not induce extra controller gain. The combined usage of linear weighting filters with their exact inverses renders this part of the nonlinear filter design strictly performance based. The effective means to improve servo performance is demonstrated on a short-stroke wafer stage of an industrial wafer scanner. Since the nonlinear filter design is largely based on Lyapunov arguments, stability is guaranteed along the different design steps.
56.5.3	S. Hyodo, K. Ohnishi, "A Method for Motion Abstraction Based on Haptic Information Directionality and an Application to Haptic Motion Display System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1356-1363, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Robots working in the human environment have been researched in the field of motion control. For the next-generation robot, human and robot interaction technologies are needed. In particular, learning and displaying of human haptic motion are important. Therefore, the authors have proposed a method for abstracting haptic motion and designed a haptic motion display system. The motion abstraction method divides a measured motion to each action from the point of force and position. Then, action modes have been defined for expressing each divided action. Action modes are expressing force directionality or position directionality. By utilizing the proposed motion abstraction method, various kinds of human motion are abstracted as action modes. The designed haptic motion display system is trying to show these various kinds of human motion. This paper defines human action modes and environmental action modes from action modes. Human action modes are expressing human action force directionality, while environmental action modes are expressing environmental position response directionality. Furthermore, the haptic motion display system is redesigned. This system is redesigned based on human action modes and environmental action modes. The validity of the proposed method is confirmed by the experimental results.
56.5.4	R. Kubo, K. Ohnishi, "Mechanical Recognition of Unknown Environment Using Active/Passive Contact Motion," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1364-1374, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents a method to determine contact conditions between a planar end-effector and the environment, i.e., face-to-face, face-to-line, or face-to-point contact. First of all, two kinds of contact motion of a planar end-effector, i.e., passive and active contact motions, are described. A compliance controller is implemented to achieve the passive contact motion, and the “groping motion” is generated as the active contact motion. Then, novel robot-friendly expressions of the environment are proposed based on the concept of environmental modes. Discrete Fourier transform matrices are utilized as matrices transforming environmental information into environmental modes. In the experiments, a planar end-effector contacts with the environment with the passive and active contact motions, and the environmental data obtained from sensors are transformed into environmental modes. The profiles of the extracted environmental modes are utilized to determine the contact conditions. The validity of the proposed method is confirmed by the experimental results.
56.5.5	T. Tsuji, Y. Kaneko, S. Abe, "Whole-Body Force Sensation by Force Sensor With Shell-Shaped End-Effector," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1375-1382, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper proposes a tactile-sensing mechanism for a robot. The mechanism is composed of a force-sensor device and an end-effector of shell shape. Since the end-effector plays the role of an outer shell, a force can be sensed at any position on the body. Due to the aspect of its intrinsic contact sensing, position of the single contact point is calculable without any sensor array. Another advantage is that the six-axis resultant force is measurable. This paper shows that the mechanism is also available for the end-effector with an angulated shape. The only condition for the shape is to be a convex hull. Some experimental results evaluate sources of error in practical measurement and show the validity of the proposed mechanism.
56.5.6	Y. Fujimoto, T. Kominami, H. Hamada, "Development and Analysis of a High Thrust Force Direct-Drive Linear Actuator," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1383-1392, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents the design and analysis of a novel high thrust force linear actuator with high backdrivability. This motor consists of a mover and a stator with spiral (helical) structure. The mover moves spirally in the stator, and the linear motion is extracted to drive the load. This motor is a direct-drive system and highly backdrivable. In this paper, a basic model and thrust-force/torque equations are proposed, and finite-element method analysis and experimental results of a prototype are presented. From experiments, the designed spiral motor achieves 2000-N rated thrust force. The thrust-force capabilities of the spiral motor are compared with other linear motors. It is confirmed that the spiral motor is almost close to the latest state of the art in linear motor technology.
56.5.7	H. Seki, K. Ishihara, S. Tadakuma, "Novel Regenerative Braking Control of Electric Power-Assisted Wheelchair for Safety Downhill Road Driving," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1393-1400, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper describes a novel regenerative braking control scheme of electric power-assisted wheelchairs for safety driving on downhill roads. The “electric power-assisted wheelchair” which assists the driving force by electric motors is expected to be widely used as a mobility support system for elderly people and disabled people; however, it has no braking system to suppress the wheelchair's velocity and brings the dangerous and fearful driving particularly on downhill roads. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel safety and efficient driving control scheme based on the regenerative braking system. This paper applies the regenerative braking system with the step-up chopper circuit serially connecting two motors and realizes the velocity feedback control with the variable duty ratio so that it tracks the optimal velocity based on the Minimum Jerk Model. In addition, the dynamic braking system is also applied at the low-speed range instead of the regenerative braking in order to suppress the acceleration. Some driving experiments on the practical downhill roads show the effectiveness of the proposed control system.
56.5.8	Y. Hu, W. Zhao, L. Wang, "Vision-Based Target Tracking and Collision Avoidance for Two Autonomous Robotic Fish," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1401-1410, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A new type of vision-based autonomous robotic fish capable of 3-D locomotion is developed in this paper. Based on our robotic fish prototype, the forces and moments acting on its fins and body are analyzed, and the governing motion equations are derived. We further investigate a decentralized control method in target-tracking and collision-avoidance task for two autonomous robotic fish. Most of previous work on the task strategies of autonomous robots is focused on terrestrial robots and seldom deals with underwater applications due to the uncertainties and complexity in a hydroenvironment. To address this challenge in such an underwater task, a situated-behavior-based decentralized control is employed on each robotic fish according to its visual data. On dealing with motion planning of the fish during target tracking and collision avoidance, a control law by a combination of an attractive force toward a target and a repulsive force for collision avoidance is utilized. Experimental results of the task performed by two autonomous robotic fish validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
56.5.9	C. Geng, L. Mostefai, M. Denai, Y. Hori, "Direct Yaw-Moment Control of an In-Wheel-Motored Electric Vehicle Based on Body Slip Angle Fuzzy Observer," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1411-1419, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A stabilizing observer-based control algorithm for an in-wheel-motored vehicle is proposed, which generates direct yaw moment to compensate for the state deviations. The control scheme is based on a fuzzy rule-based body slip angle $(beta)$ observer. In the design strategy of the fuzzy observer, the vehicle dynamics is represented by Takagi–Sugeno-like fuzzy models. Initially, local equivalent vehicle models are built using the linear approximations of vehicle dynamics for low and high lateral acceleration operating regimes, respectively. The optimal $beta$ observer is then designed for each local model using Kalman filter theory. Finally, local observers are combined to form the overall control system by using fuzzy rules. These fuzzy rules represent the qualitative relationships among the variables associated with the nonlinear and uncertain nature of vehicle dynamics, such as tire force saturation and the influence of road adherence. An adaptation mechanism for the fuzzy membership functions has been incorporated to improve the accuracy and performance of the system. The effectiveness of this design approach has been demonstrated in simulations and in a real-time experimental setting.
56.5.10	M. Borage, K. V. Nagesh, M. S. Bhatia, S. Tiwari, "Design of LCL-T Resonant Converter Including the Effect of Transformer Winding Capacitance," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1420-1427, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The transformer winding capacitance, which is significant in high-voltage power supplies, is not gainfully utilized in an LCL-T resonant converter (RC). A simplified analysis presented in this paper predicts the severe degradation of output current regulation of an LCL-T RC due to transformer winding capacitance. The presence of winding capacitance, in fact, changes the third-order LCL-T resonant tank into fourth-order $LC$–$LC$ topology. Using an ac analysis, it is shown that, under the derived design conditions, $LC$–$LC$ RC also exhibits constant output current and in-phase source voltage and current, simultaneously at all loading conditions. Thus, the transformer leakage inductance and winding capacitance are gainfully utilized as a part of a resonant network, resulting in improved output characteristics. Closed-form expressions for the converter gain and component stresses are derived. The condition for converter design optimized for the minimum size of the resonant network is obtained. Experimental results on a prototype 100-mA 2-kV dc power supply confirm the observations of analysis.
56.5.11	A. M. Rahimi, A. Emadi, "Active Damping in DC/DC Power Electronic Converters: A Novel Method to Overcome the Problems of Constant Power Loads," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1428-1439, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Multi-converter power electronic systems exist in land, sea, air, and space vehicles. In these systems, load converters exhibit constant power load (CPL) behavior for the feeder converters and tend to destabilize the system. In this paper, the implementation of novel active-damping techniques on dc/dc converters has been shown. Moreover, the proposed active-damping method is used to overcome the negative impedance instability problem caused by the CPLs. The effectiveness of the new proposed approach has been verified by PSpice simulations and experimental results.
56.5.12	A. Fernandez, D. G. Lamar, M. Rodriguez, M. M. Hernando, J. Sebastian, M. Arias, "Self-Driven Synchronous Rectification System With Input Voltage Tracking for Converters With a Symmetrically Driven Transformer," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1440-1445, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Synchronous rectification (SR) is mandatory to achieve good efficiencies with low output voltages. If a transformer is driven asymmetrically without dead times, the self-driven SR (SDSR) is a very interesting solution. However, if the transformer is driven symmetrically, the synchronous rectifiers are off during the dead times, and as a consequence, the efficiency is lowered. This paper deals with the optimization of an SDSR system that keeps the rectifiers on even during the dead times. The input voltage is tracked, and the information is used to adapt the gate to the source voltage of the synchronous rectifiers and improve the efficiency. The system has been implemented in a prototype, and the results have been compared with the ones obtained in the same prototype without SDSR.
56.5.13	P. Grbovic, "High-Voltage Auxiliary Power Supply Using Series-Connected MOSFETs and Floating Self-Driving Technique," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1446-1455, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper deals with high-voltage auxiliary switching-mode power supplies (SMPSs). An overview of the state of the art is given, and a novel solution is proposed. The proposed solution is based on a single-ended flyback or forward topology with the main switch arranged as a series connection of two metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). The bottom MOSFET is driven directly by an ordinary control circuit and gate driver, while the top MOSFET is driven by a floating self-supplied gate driver. The floating gate driver is connected to the input filter capacitors' midpoint. This gate driver plays two roles: driving of the top MOSFET and control of distribution of the blocking voltage among the series-connected MOSFETs, in steady state as well as during commutation. The series connection of lower voltage MOSFETs has two important advantages compared to that of a single high-voltage MOSFET: lower conduction losses and lower cost. When several switches are series connected, each switch supports a fraction of the total blocking voltage, and therefore, each switch can be rated for lower voltage. The total on-state resistance and the cost of such a switch arrangement are lower compared to that of a single switch that supports the full blocking voltage. The proposed SMPS is theoretically analyzed and experimentally verified. The experimental results are presented and discussed.
56.5.14	K. I. Hwu, Y. T. Yau, "An Interleaved AC–DC Converter Based on Current Tracking," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1456-1463, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper, an interleaved ac–dc converter based on current tracking without any current sharing required is presented and applied to a two-phase flyback converter. This is realized using two critical-conduction-mode (CRM) pulsewidth-modulated chips, together with a field-programmable gate array technique. By doing so, not only are the total harmonic distortion and the power factor improved but the output power is also upgraded. In this paper, the circuit operation is described in detail, with some experimental results given to verify the proposed control scheme.
56.5.15	H.-S. Park, C.-E. Kim, C.-H. Kim, G.-W. Moon, J.-H. Lee, "A Modularized Charge Equalizer for an HEV Lithium-Ion Battery String," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1464-1476, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Based on the fact that a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) connects a high number of batteries in series to obtain more than approximately 300 V, this paper proposes a modularized charge equalizer for an HEV battery pack. In this paper, the overall battery string is modularized into $M^{ast}N$ cells, where $M$ is the number of modules in the string and $N$ is the number of cells in each module. With this modularization, low voltage stress on the electronic devices can be achieved, which means that there is less chance of a failure on the charge equalizer. The power rating selection is one of the most important design issues for a charge equalizer because it is very closely related to equalization time. To solve this problem optimally, this paper presents a power rating design guide. In addition, this paper considers system-level design issues, such as cell voltage acquisition, equalizer control logic, and system-level grounding. The simulation and experimental results are presented to show the usefulness of the optimal power rating selection guide and the low voltage stressed charge equalization process.
56.5.16	M. A. M. Radzi, N. A. Rahim, "Neural Network and Bandless Hysteresis Approach to Control Switched Capacitor Active Power Filter for Reduction of Harmonics," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1477-1484, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper proposes a combination of neural network and a bandless hysteresis controller, for a switched capacitor active power filter (SCAPF), to improve line power factor and to reduce line current harmonics. The proposed active power filter controller forces the supply current to be sinusoidal, in phase with line voltage, and has low current harmonics. Two main controls are proposed for it: neural network detection of harmonics and bandless digital hysteresis switching algorithm. A mathematical algorithm and a suitable learning rate determine the filter's optimal operation. A digital signal controller (TMS320F2812) verifies the proposed SCAPF, implementing the neural network and bandless hysteresis algorithms. A laboratory SCAPF system is built to test its feasibility. Simulation and experimental results are provided to verify performance of the proposed SCAPF system.
56.5.17	F. Baalbergen, P. Bauer, J. A. Ferreira, "Energy Storage and Power Management for Typical 4Q-Load," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1485-1498, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Diesel generators in small electricity grids are mostly not used in a very efficient way. The reason for this is twofold. First of all, the efficiency of a diesel generator is dependent on the ratio determined by the average power divided by the peak power of the generator. The smaller this ratio is, the lower the efficiency. Furthermore, some loads can regenerate energy. In small grids, this energy is mostly not needed elsewhere and should be dissipated. A solution solving both problems previously mentioned is using an energy storage device in the system. This storage can be used for peak shaving and storing regenerated energy. This paper focuses on a generator-set with energy storage. Six different power management strategies are discussed. Calculation of the costs shows that adding an energy storage device lowers the cost for all methods. Verification with simulation and experiments has been carried out.
56.5.18	D. V. Ghodke, E. S. E. S., K. Chatterjee, B. G. Fernandes, "One-Cycle-Controlled Bidirectional AC-to-DC Converter With Constant Power Factor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1499-1510, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Grid-connected unity-power-factor converters based on one-cycle control (OCC) do not require the service of phase-locked loop or any other synchronization circuits for interfacing with the utility. As a result, these schemes are becoming increasingly popular. However, as the power handled by the converter increases, the power factor deteriorates. To understand quantitatively the cause of poor power factor while negotiating high power loads, large signal models for these schemes are developed. Having understood the cause for poor power factor operation, a modified-OCC-based converter is proposed. This scheme has high power factor while supplying high power loads. Detailed simulation studies are carried out to verify the efficacy of the scheme. In order to confirm the viability of the scheme, detailed experimental studies are carried out on a 3-kW laboratory prototype.
56.5.19	Y. W. Li, "Control and Resonance Damping of Voltage-Source and Current-Source Converters With $LC$ Filters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1511-1521, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper, the closed-loop control of both voltage-source converter (VSC) and current-source converter (CSC) systems with $LC$ filters is investigated, with a focus being put on the damping of $LC$ resonance. First, both single-loop and multiloop control schemes for a voltage-source inverter (VSI) with output $LC$ filter are analyzed, where the design and tuning procedure can also be applied to a current-source inverter (CSI) with output $CL$ filter. It is shown that both VSI and CSI systems are subject to $LC$ resonance, even with multiloop control, while the CSI system is also subject to $LC$ resonant frequency variations. On the other hand, the $LC$ resonant frequencies in both current-source rectifier (CSR) and voltage-source rectifier (VSR) systems with input $LC$ filter circuits are relatively fixed due to the small variation range of source impedance. To further dampen the $LC$ resonance in these converter systems, active damping techniques such as virtual harmonic damper and control-signal-shaping methods are investigated, and their implementation into the converter systems is discussed in detail. Experimental results from both a VSC system and a CSC system are obtained.
56.5.20	N.-J. Park, D. S. Hyun, "IBC Using a Single Resonant Inductor for High-Power Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1522-1530, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper, an interleaved boost converter (IBC) with a zero-voltage-transition (ZVT) cell using a single resonant inductor in continuous conduction mode is proposed. The IBC with the proposed ZVT cell has advantages such as a simple circuit, reduced size, and low cost by using a single resonant inductor. It is more suitable for high-power applications. The proposed ZVT cell circuit and principles for the IBC are explained in detail. The validity of the IBC with the proposed ZVT cell is verified through experimental results.
56.5.21	V. V. R. Scarpa, S. Buso, G. Spiazzi, "Low-Complexity MPPT Technique Exploiting the PV Module MPP Locus Characterization," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1531-1538, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper proposes a method for tracking the maximum power point (MPP) of a photovoltaic (PV) module that exploits the relation existing between the values of module voltage and current at the MPP (MPP locus). Experimental evidence shows that this relation tends to be linear in conditions of high solar irradiation. The analysis of the PV module electrical model allows one to justify this result and to derive a linear approximation of the MPP locus. Based on that, an MPP tracking strategy is devised which presents high effectiveness, low complexity, and the inherent possibility to compensate for temperature variations by periodically sensing the module open circuit voltage. The proposed method is particularly suitable for low-cost PV systems and has been successfully tested in a solar-powered 55-W battery charger circuit.
56.5.22	H. E. P. de Souza, F. Bradaschia, F. A. S. Neves, M. C. Cavalcanti, G. M. S. Azevedo, J. P. de Arruda, "A Method for Extracting the Fundamental-Frequency Positive-Sequence Voltage Vector Based on Simple Mathematical Transformations," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1539-1547, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper, a novel scheme for obtaining the fundamental-frequency positive-sequence grid voltage is proposed. The method is based on four simple mathematical transformations; two of them are in the stationary reference frame, which are able to eliminate odd harmonics from the original signals. The other two transformations are implemented in a synchronously rotating reference frame in order to eliminate even harmonics. The output of the last transformation block is the input to a synchronous reference-frame phase-locked loop for detecting the frequency and position of the positive-sequence voltage vector. The proposed algorithm was verified through simulations and experiments by applying distorted and unbalanced signals, containing positive and negative-sequence components. The results are in agreement with those theoretically predicted and indicate that the proposed scheme has a great potential for use in grid-connected converter synchronization algorithms.
56.5.23	L. Gao, R. A. Dougal, S. Liu, A. P. Iotova, "Parallel-Connected Solar PV System to Address Partial and Rapidly Fluctuating Shadow Conditions," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1548-1556, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays in portable applications are often subject to partial shading and rapid fluctuations of shading. In the usual series-connected wiring scheme, the residual energy generated by partially shaded cells either cannot be collected (if diode bypassed) or, worse, impedes collection of power from the remaining fully illuminated cells (if not bypassed). Rapid fluctuation of the shading pattern makes maximum power point (MPP) tracking difficult; generally, there will exist multiple local MPPs, and their values will change as rapidly as does the illumination. In this paper, a portable solar PV system that effectively eliminates both of the aforementioned problems is described and proven. This system is capable of simultaneously maximizing the power generated by every PV cell in the PV panel. The proposed configuration consists of an array of parallel-connected PV cells, a low-input-voltage step-up power converter, and a simple wide bandwidth MPP tracker. Parallel-configured PV systems are compared to traditional series-configured PV systems through both hardware experiments and computer simulations in this paper. Study results demonstrate that, under complex irradiance conditions, the power generated by the new configuration is approximately twice that of the traditional configuration. The solar PV system can be widely used in many consumer applications, such as PV vests for cell phones and music players.
56.5.24	F.-J. Lin, L.-T. Teng, J.-W. Lin, S.-Y. Chen, "Recurrent Functional-Link-Based Fuzzy-Neural-Network-Controlled Induction-Generator System Using Improved Particle Swarm Optimization," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1557-1577, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A recurrent functional-link (FL)-based fuzzy-neural-network (FNN) controller with improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) is proposed in this paper to control a three-phase induction-generator (IG) system for stand-alone power application. First, an indirect field-oriented mechanism is implemented for the control of the IG. Then, an ac/dc power converter and a dc/ac power inverter are developed to convert the electric power generated by a three-phase IG from variable frequency and variable voltage to constant frequency and constant voltage, respectively. Moreover, two online-trained recurrent FL-based FNNs are introduced as the regulating controllers for both the dc-link voltage of the ac/dc power converter and the ac line voltage of the dc/ac power inverter. Furthermore, IPSO is adopted to adjust the learning rates to improve the online learning capability of the recurrent FL-based FNNs. Finally, some experimental results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed recurrent FL-based FNN-controlled IG system.
56.5.25	F. Zhang, Y. Yan, "Novel Forward–Flyback Hybrid Bidirectional DC–DC Converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1578-1584, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents a novel topology named forward–flyback bidirectional dc–dc converter (BDC), which is a hybrid of forward and flyback converters. The windings of forward and flyback transformers are connected in series on the primary side and in parallel on the secondary side. The proposed converter has no startup problem and no high voltage spikes on the switches, which otherwise are inherent for current- and voltage-fed-type bidirectional converters. It is easy to achieve soft switching by proper control and design. The built-in flyback transformer acts as a filter inductor, so the current ripple is smaller than flyback BDCs. In this paper, the operation principles and characteristics of the proposed topology are analyzed in detail. The advantages aforementioned are verified with experimental results of a 300-W prototype.
56.5.26	Y. Yamaguchi, T. Murakami, "Adaptive Control for Virtual Steering Characteristics on Electric Vehicle Using Steer-by-Wire System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1585-1594, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper describes an adaptive control to realize the desired steering characteristics on a vehicle. As is well known, the steering characteristics indicate handling performance on a vehicle and are important for safe driving. In this paper, a strategy to adjust it to a driver's preference easily using a Steer-by-Wire system is proposed. The control system including the proposed method intervenes only when the front tire cornering stiffness undergoes many changes. Then, the estimated self-aligning torque is fed back to the steering wheel so that a driver can feel reaction torque from the road. This is one of the remarkable features in the proposed Steer-by-Wire system. Numerical simulation and experiment are carried out to show the validity of the proposed method.
56.5.27	T. Ohta, T. Murakami, "A Stabilization Control of Bilateral System With Time Delay by Vibration Index—Application to Inverted Pendulum Control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1595-1603, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In a master–slave system, improving the positioning performance and the stability is needed in the case of remote control. However, if there exists time delay, the system destabilizes the performance. Furthermore, it is important to maintain the stability of not only the system but also the controlled object. This paper describes a strategy to improve these problems. This strategy enables operators to get a degree of time delay and instability by keeping the motion performance and the stability. The unstable response with a time delay is restrained by adjusting PD controller gains based on the velocity error of master–slave. Furthermore, switching bilateral control and autonomous control of slave without falling into unstable state is constructed when that cannot be restrained because of long time delay or unexpected disturbances of slave motion. The validity of the proposed strategy is confirmed by experiments stabilizing an unstable component, i.e., an inverted pendulum of slave system.
56.5.28	H.-C. Huang, C.-C. Tsai, "FPGA Implementation of an Embedded Robust Adaptive Controller for Autonomous Omnidirectional Mobile Platform," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1604-1616, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents an embedded adaptive robust controller for trajectory tracking and stabilization of an omnidirectional mobile platform with parameter variations and uncertainties caused by friction and slip. Based on a dynamic model of the platform, the adaptive controller to achieve point stabilization, trajectory tracking, and path following is synthesized via the adaptive backstepping approach. This robust adaptive controller is then implemented into a high-performance field-programmable gate array chip using hardware/software codesign technique and system-on-a-programmable-chip design concept with a reusable user intellectual property core library. Furthermore, a soft-core processor and a real-time operating system are embedded into the same chip for realizing the control law to steer the mobile platform. Simulation results are conducted to show the effectiveness and merit of the proposed control method in comparison with a conventional proportional-integral feedback controller. The performance and applicability of the proposed embedded adaptive controller are exemplified by conducting several experiments on an autonomous omnidirectional mobile robot.
56.5.29	D. Xu, L. Han, M. Tan, Y. F. Li, "Ceiling-Based Visual Positioning for an Indoor Mobile Robot With Monocular Vision," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1617-1628, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A regular ceiling is common in many offices. The plentiful parallels and corner points on the ceiling can serve as features for visual positioning for an indoor mobile robot. Based on the natural features on the ceiling, a new visual positioning method is proposed. A camera is mounted on the top of the mobile robot and pointed to the ceiling. At the beginning of visual positioning, the initial orientation and position of the mobile robot in the world frame is estimated with a specified block on the ceiling via perspective-n-point-based positioning method. With the motions of the mobile robot, its global orientation is calculated from the main and secondary lines feature when the ceiling has parallels. In other cases, its global orientation is estimated with point features on the ceiling. Then, its position is recursively computed with the point features. The error analysis and experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
56.5.30	C.-C. Sung, Y.-S. Huang, "Based on Direct Thrust Control for Linear Synchronous Motor Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1629-1639, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The direct thrust control (DTC) has been utilized as a general formalism methodology for permanent-magnet linear synchronous motors (PMLSMs). The imposition control policies did not seem to handle the inherent flux linkage problems. This paper will try to propose a solution for the problems. This paper presents a genetic PI parameters generator and a new DTC policy for the motor control systems. Moreover, this paper also proposes a new switching table which can assist in selecting the optimum voltage vectors for the control system. The advantage of the proposed approach is that the clear presentation of the system behavior and readiness for implementation. Finally, some results of the simulation and the experiment both are met as expected. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first work that employs DTC to implement on a real-world PMLSM which is starting at arbitrary positions and can be allowed moving in the full route.
56.5.31	C. K. Lim, I.-M. Chen, L. Yan, G. Yang, K.-M. Lee, "Electromechanical Modeling of a Permanent-Magnet Spherical Actuator Based on Magnetic-Dipole-Moment Principle," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1640-1648, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Theoretical modeling in any engineering design is of paramount importance as it establishes the interrelationship between variables being analyzed in a given condition. With regard to the design of a permanent-magnet spherical actuator, electromechanical modeling is crucial as it correlates the input parameters such as current to the output mechanical torque. In this paper, a new approach in electromechanical-torque formulation for this class of spherical actuator employing the magnetic-dipole-moment principle is being discussed. Derivation from first principle and the extension of this novel method in the acquisition of the 3-D resultant torque induced on the rotor are presented. The proposed approach circumvents the need for electromagnetic-energy analysis within the air gap between the rotor and stator poles and, henceforth, providing a direct computation of the resultant torque. The validity of the proposed analytical torque model was verified against numerical and empirical data. Comparisons between the 3-D torque results demonstrate the correctness and soundness of the proposed electromechanical torque model.
56.5.32	A. Mohamed A. S., A. Gopinath, M. R. Baiju, "A Simple Space Vector PWM Generation Scheme for Any General $n$-Level Inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1649-1656, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper proposes a generalized method for the generation of space vector pulsewidth modulation (SVPWM) signals for multilevel inverters. In the proposed method, the actual sector containing the tip of the reference space vector need not be identified. A method is presented to identify the center of a subhexagon containing the reference space vector. Using the center of the subhexagon, the reference space vector is mapped to the innermost subhexagon, and the switching sequence corresponding to a two-level inverter is determined. A new technique is proposed in this paper, by which these two-level vectors are translated to the switching vectors of the multilevel inverter by adding the center of the subhexagon to the two-level vectors. The proposed method can be extended to any $n$-level inverter, and a generalized algorithm is proposed. The scheme is explained for a five-level inverter, and experimental results are presented for a three-level inverter.
56.5.33	A. Das, K. Sivakumar, R. Ramchand, C. Patel, K. Gopakumar, "A Combination of Hexagonal and 12-Sided Polygonal Voltage Space Vector PWM Control for IM Drives Using Cascaded Two-Level Inverters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1657-1664, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper proposes a multilevel inverter configuration which produces a hexagonal voltage space vector structure in the lower modulation region and a 12-sided polygonal space vector structure in the overmodulation region. A conventional multilevel inverter produces $6n pm 1 (n = hbox{odd})$ harmonics in the phase voltage during overmodulation and in the extreme square-wave mode of operation. However, this inverter produces a 12-sided polygonal space vector location, leading to the elimination of $6n pm 1 (n = hbox{odd})$ harmonics in the overmodulation region extending to a final 12-step mode of operation with a smooth transition. The benefits of this arrangement are lower losses and reduced torque pulsation in an induction motor drive fed from this converter at higher modulation indexes. The inverter is fabricated by using three conventional cascaded two-level inverters with asymmetric dc-bus voltages. A comparative simulation study of the harmonic distortion in the phase voltage and associated losses in conventional multilevel inverters and that of the proposed inverter is presented in this paper. Experimental validation on a prototype shows that the proposed converter is suitable for high-power applications because of low harmonic distortion and low losses.
56.5.34	G. Mondal, K. Sivakumar, R. Ramchand, K. Gopakumar, E. Levi, "A Dual Seven-Level Inverter Supply for an Open-End Winding Induction Motor Drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1665-1673, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper develops a seven-level inverter structure for open-end winding induction motor drives. The inverter supply is realized by cascading four two-level and two three-level neutral-point-clamped inverters. The inverter control is designed in such a way that the common-mode voltage (CMV) is eliminated. DC-link capacitor voltage balancing is also achieved by using only the switching-state redundancies. The proposed power circuit structure is modular and therefore suitable for fault-tolerant applications. By appropriately isolating some of the inverters, the drive can be operated during fault conditions in a five-level or a three-level inverter mode, with preserved CMV elimination and dc-link capacitor voltage balancing, within a reduced modulation range.
56.5.35	K. Jalili, S. Bernet, "Design of $LCL$ Filters of Active-Front-End Two-Level Voltage-Source Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1674-1689, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper introduces a new iterative design procedure of $L$ and $LCL$ filters for low-voltage active-front-end PWM two-level voltage source converters. The analytical expression of the converter harmonic voltages by Bessel functions is applied to design the filter parameters for defined maximum grid current harmonics. Different filter designs are derived for various resonance frequencies and inductance split factors of $LCL$ filter. The minimum amount of stored energy of passive components is used to select a final filter design. A voltage-oriented control scheme, including active damping, is applied in the (400 V and 50 kVA) experimental setup. Both simulation and experimental investigations are presented to verify the accuracy of the filter design procedure. Finally, the steady state and transient performance of the active front end with different $LCL$ filters are depicted.
56.5.36	X. Du, L. Zhou, H.-M. Tai, "Double-Frequency Buck Converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1690-1698, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Improving the efficiency and dynamics of power converters is a concerned tradeoff in power electronics. The increase of switching frequency can improve the dynamics of power converters, but the efficiency may be degraded. A double-frequency (DF) buck converter is proposed to address this concern. This converter is comprised of two buck cells: one works at high frequency, and another works at low frequency. It operates in a way that current in the high-frequency switch is diverted through the low-frequency switch. Thus, the converter can operate at very high frequency without adding extra control circuits. Moreover, the switching loss of the converter remains small. The proposed converter exhibits improved steady state and transient responses with low switching loss. An ac small-signal model of the DF buck converter is also given to show that the dynamics of output voltage depends only on the high-frequency buck cell parameters, and is independent of the low-frequency buck cell parameters. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed converter greatly improves the efficiency and exhibits nearly the same dynamics as the conventional high-frequency buck converter. Furthermore, the proposed topology can be extended to other dc–dc converters by the DF switch-inductor three-terminal network structure.
56.5.37	M. S. Zaky, M. M. Khater, S. S. Shokralla, H. A. Yasin, "Wide-Speed-Range Estimation With Online Parameter Identification Schemes of Sensorless Induction Motor Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1699-1707, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Recently, the development of speed estimation methods for sensorless control of induction motor drives has found great interest in the research community. Parameter adaptation schemes play an important role for better speed estimation over a wide range from zero to high levels beyond the rated speed. Therefore, parallel identification schemes for both speed and stator resistance of sensorless induction motor drives are proposed for a wide range of speed estimation. These estimation algorithms combine a sliding-mode current observer with Popov's hyperstability theory. Low- and zero-speed operations of the proposed sliding-mode-observer (SMO)-based speed estimation combined with an online stator resistance adaptation scheme are investigated. A modified SMO-based speed estimation scheme for field-weakening operation is also introduced. The mismatch problem of magnetizing inductance in the field-weakening region is treated by an online identification scheme. Magnetizing inductance, estimated in this way, is further utilized within the SMO, so that the main flux saturation variation is taken into consideration. The performance of the proposed SMO and its speed estimation accuracy, with an indirect field-oriented controlled induction motor, are verified by simulation and experimental results over a wide speed range from zero to high values beyond the base speed.
56.5.38	A. Trentin, P. Zanchetta, C. Gerada, J. Clare, P. W. Wheeler, "Optimized Commissioning Method for Enhanced Vector Control of High-Power Induction Motor Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1708-1717, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents a method for improving the control design for a high-power induction motor (IM) drive employing rotor-flux-based orientation. An offline genetic-algorithm routine is used to estimate the electrical and mechanical parameters of the machine using only speed transient measurements. This routine is applied to a range of operating conditions to obtain an accurate knowledge of the IM parameters as a function of the $d$-axis motor current $i_{d}$ . The information acquired is then employed, together with an enhanced control design obtained by optimizing speed and current transient responses, to increase the performance of the vector control algorithm. The effectiveness of this design method is demonstrated through a wide range of simulations using Matlab–Simulink and experimental results at power levels up to 230 kW.
56.5.39	C. C. Hua, C.-W. Wu, C.-W. Chuang, "A Digital Predictive Current Control With Improved Sampled Inductor Current for Cascaded Inverters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1718-1726, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper proposes a current-control technique with a predictive control method for multilevel inverters. The proposed current-control method adopts a variable sampling point scheme for inductor current sensing. It is able to avoid the switching noise caused by the turn-on or turn-off of power devices. The measured value of the inductor current is used to estimate the inverter output voltage at the next switching period with a simple linear extrapolation to force the output current to follow the current reference. Compared to the conventional predictive current controllers, the proposed control features are as follows: 1) only the inductor current measurement is required, and it is able to achieve a cost-effective and less-complex circuit (the output voltage and current measurements are required for a conventional controller) and 2) the proposed variable sampling technique is designed to avoid the switching noise, thus a robust current-control system can be achieved. Finally, a seven-level cascaded inverter with three dc–ac converter modules was constructed and tested. Analysis, simulations, and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed system.
56.5.40	H. Li, M.-Y. Chow, Z. Sun, "EDA-Based Speed Control of a Networked DC Motor System With Time Delays and Packet Losses," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1727-1735, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents a new controller design method for networked dc motor system in the presence of time delays and packet losses. The sufficient condition under which the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable and the necessary condition under which the networked dc motor has zero steady-state tracking error are derived. Based on the obtained conditions, an output tracking controller design method is proposed, where the Estimation of Distribution Algorithm is used to optimize the control parameters to improve the system control performance. The proposed method can be easily applied to various applications, since it is simple and has no assumptions on time delay and packet loss models. Simulation and experimental results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
56.5.41	S. K. Mazumder, K. Acharya, M. Tahir, "Joint Optimization of Control Performance and Network Resource Utilization in Homogeneous Power Networks," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1736-1745, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A framework that jointly optimizes the control and communication networks of network-controlled interactive power electronics networks is described in this paper. The joint optimization framework includes two coupled blocks, one whose focus is to ensure optimal performance of the power network within its stability bounds and the other whose thrust is on optimizing the information flow in a communication network. These two networks have contrasting requirements because, on the one hand, time delays are detrimental to the stability and performance of the control system, while on the other hand, allowing higher time delays leads to efficient utilization of the communication network's resources. The proposed framework leads to an optimal compromise between these two noncooperative networks. Three different implementation approaches for the integrated control–communication framework are investigated, namely, centralized, distributed, and clustered. A case illustration of a homogeneous power network is provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the joint control–communication framework and compare the performance of the three implementation approaches.
56.5.42	W.-Y. Wang, I.-H. Li, M.-C. Chen, S.-F. Su, S.-B. Hsu, "Dynamic Slip-Ratio Estimation and Control of Antilock Braking Systems Using an Observer-Based Direct Adaptive Fuzzy–Neural Controller," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1746-1756, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper proposes an antilock braking system (ABS), in which unknown road characteristics are resolved by a road estimator. This estimator is based on the LuGre friction model with a road condition parameter and can transmit a reference slip ratio to a slip-ratio controller through a mapping function. The slip-ratio controller is used to maintain the slip ratio of the wheel at the reference values for various road surfaces. In the controller design, an observer-based direct adaptive fuzzy–neural controller (DAFC) for an ABS is developed to online-tune the weighting factors of the controller under the assumption that only the wheel slip ratio is available. Finally, this paper gives simulation results of an ABS with the road estimator and the DAFC, which are shown to provide good effectiveness under varying road conditions.
56.5.43	B.-F. Wu, C.-T. Lin, Y.-L. Chen, "Dynamic Calibration and Occlusion Handling Algorithms for Lane Tracking," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1757-1773, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: An approach of rapidly computing the projective width of lanes is presented to predict the projective positions and widths of lanes. The Lane Marking Extraction Finite State Machine is designed to extract points with features of lane markings in the image, and a cubic B-spline is adopted to conduct curve fitting to reconstruct road geometry. A statistical search algorithm is also proposed to correctly and adaptively determine thresholds under various kinds of illumination conditions. Furthermore, the parameters of the camera in a moving car may change with the vibration, so a dynamic calibration algorithm is applied to calibrate camera parameters and lane widths with the information of lane projection. Moreover, a fuzzy logic is applied to determine the situation of occlusion. Finally, a region-of-interest determination strategy is developed to reduce the search region and to make the detection more robust with respect to the occlusion on the lane markings or complicated changes of curves and road boundaries.
56.5.44	I. Morgan, H. Liu, "Predicting Future States With $n$ -Dimensional Markov Chains for Fault Diagnosis," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1774-1781, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper introduces a novel method of predicting future concentrations of elements in lubrication oil, for the aim of identifying possible anomalies in continued operation aboard a large marine vessel. The research carried out is supported by a discussion of previous work in the field of fault detection in tribological mechanisms, although with a focus upon two stroke marine diesel engines. The approach taken implements an $n$-dimensional Markov chain model with a singular weighted connection between layers. The approach leverages the computational simplicity of the Markov chain and combines this with a weighted decision calculated from the correlational coefficients between variables, with the notable assumption that interconnectivity between elements is not constant. The approach is compared to an established method, which is the Kalman filter, with promising results for future work and extension of the method to include expert knowledge in the decision making process.
56.5.45	S. H. P. Won, F. Golnaraghi, W. W. Melek, "A Fastening Tool Tracking System Using an IMU and a Position Sensor With Kalman Filters and a Fuzzy Expert System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1782-1792, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper utilizes an intelligent system which incorporates Kalman filters (KFs) and a fuzzy expert system to track the tip of a fastening tool and to identify the fastened bolt. This system employs one inertial measurement unit and one position sensor to determine the orientation and the center of mass location of the tool. KFs are used to estimate the orientation of the tool and the center of mass location of the tool. Although a KF is used for the orientation estimation, orientation error increases over time due to the integration of angular velocity error. Therefore, a methodology to correct the orientation error is required when the system is used for an extended period of time. This paper proposes a method to correct the tilt angle and orientation errors using a fuzzy expert system. When a tool fastens a bolt, the system identifies the fastened bolt using a fuzzy expert system. Through this bolt identification step, the 3-D orientation error of the tool is corrected by using the location and orientation of the fastened bolt and the position sensor outputs. Using the orientation correction method will, in turn, result in improved reliability in determining the tool tip location. The fastening tool tracking system was experimentally tested in a lab environment, and the results indicate that such a system can successfully identify the fastened bolts.
56.5.46	S. P. Valsan, K. S. Swarup, "High-Speed Fault Classification in Power Lines: Theory and FPGA-Based Implementation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1793-1800, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents a fast hardware-efficient logic for fault detection and classification in transmission lines, implemented using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The general-purpose SPARTAN3E FPGA was employed for developing the prototype, with all the coding done using a hardware description language (HDL) called very high speed integrated circuit (VHDL). The proposed logic employs only one-terminal current samples and is based on wavelet analysis. Depending on the amount of high frequency components in the current signals after processing, the faults are classified into ten types. The Real Time Windows Target Toolbox of MATLAB was used to apply the current signal inputs to the prototype in real time. An adaptive threshold value is chosen, rather than a fixed threshold in the case of faults involving the ground, to make the classification reliable and accurate. The fault classification time is 6 ms, which is about 1/3 of the power frequency cycle (20 ms). A high level of computational efficiency is achieved as compared to the other wavelet-transform-based algorithms, since only the high frequency details at first level are employed in this algorithm. The validity of the proposed logic was exhaustively tested by simulating various types of faults on a system modeled in the Electromagnetic Transients Program/Alternative Transients Program. The proposed logic was found to be highly reliable and accurate, even in the presence of fault resistance.
56.5.47	Z. N. Low, R. A. Chinga, R. Tseng, J. Lin, "Design and Test of a High-Power High-Efficiency Loosely Coupled Planar Wireless Power Transfer System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1801-1812, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper, a high-power high-efficiency wireless-power-transfer system using the class-E operation for transmitter via inductive coupling has been designed and fabricated using the proposed design approach. The system requires no complex external control system but relies on its natural impedance response to achieve the desired power-delivery profile across a wide range of load resistances while maintaining high efficiency to prevent any heating issues. The proposed system consists of multichannels with independent gate drive to control power delivery. The fabricated system is compact and capable of 295 W of power delivery at 75.7% efficiency with forced air cooling and of 69 W of power delivery at 74.2% efficiency with convection cooling. This is the highest power and efficiency of a loosely coupled planar wireless-power-transfer system reported to date.
56.5.48	P. Correa, J. Rodriguez, I. Lizama, D. Andler, "A Predictive Control Scheme for Current-Source Rectifiers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1813-1815, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Current-source rectifiers (CSRs) constitute a commonly used topology in high-power applications, featuring several advantages such as regeneration capability and high-quality currents. This paper presents a simple predictive control scheme for a CSR. The main achievements of the control scheme presented here are the simplicity in controlling the dc-link current and the generation of currents with unity displacement power factor. Experimental results are presented to validate the proposed control principle.
56.5.49	K.-H. Yi, G.-W. Moon, "Novel Two-Phase Interleaved LLC Series-Resonant Converter Using a Phase of the Resonant Capacitor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1815-1819, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: An LLC series-resonant converter has many unique characteristics and improvements over pulsewidth-modulation topologies. However, many output capacitors are needed in parallel to satisfy an output voltage ripple and a rated ripple current of the capacitors. This paper deals with a novel two-phase interleaved LLC resonant converter using a phase of the resonant capacitor. The proposed converter satisfies low output-voltage ripple requirement and meets the rated ripple of output capacitor's current with few output capacitors. The operation and features are considered in detail, and a prototype with a 12-V–100-A output is investigated.
56.5.50	"Have you visited lately? www.ieee.org," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1820-1820, May 2009. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Not Available