IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 

Volume 56,  Number 1, Jan 2009           Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE     IE Transactions Home Page



56.1.1    "Table of Contents," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. C1-1, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

56.1.2    "IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics publication information," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. C2-C2, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available


Special Section on The 2006 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology
56.1.3    R. Ishii, C. Chakraborty, L. G. Franquelo, "Guest Editorial," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 2-3, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available


Special Section Papers
56.1.4    Y. Tsuruta, Y. Ito, A. Kawamura, "Snubber-Assisted Zero-Voltage and Zero-Current Transition Bilateral Buck and Boost Chopper for EV Drive Application and Test Evaluation at 25 kW," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 4-11, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A new high-efficiency and high-power bilateral buck and boost chopper circuit for the electric-vehicle drive application is presented. The operation principle of snubber-assisted zero-voltage and zero-current transition (SAZZ) topology was applied, and a new SAZZ bilateral buck–boost chopper circuit (SAZZ-1) was created by combining two basic SAZZ circuit types. A 50-kHz 25-kW SAZZ-1 was fabricated and tested. An efficiency of 96.6% at 25 kW with boost mode (input: 250 V/output: 390 V) in forward direction and an efficiency of 97.4% at 25 kW with buck mode (input: 420 V/output: 300 V) in forward direction were obtained. The high potentiality of the SAZZ-1 chopper is demonstrated as we expected.

56.1.5    C. Chakraborty, S. Dalapati, S. Bhattacharya, "Performance Evaluation of Controlled-Capacitor-Charging-Type Inverters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 12-19, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents the performance of capacitor-charging-type inverters. Both single- and three-phase inverters are considered. A simple technique to design the $L$ –$C$ elements of such an inverter is introduced. The switching devices are operated in the discontinuous conduction mode to reduce the size of the inductor and also for better dynamic performance. The inverter is simulated in PSPICE. An experimental prototype is produced to verify the results from simulation. Experimentations have been conducted for single-phase and three-phase systems. The inverter is found to operate satisfactorily for various types of load including unbalanced load.

56.1.6    L. Palma, M. H. Todorovic, P. N. Enjeti, "Analysis of Common-Mode Voltage in Utility-Interactive Fuel Cell Power Conditioners," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 20-27, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Fuel cell stacks produce a dc output with a 2 : 1 voltage variation from no load to full load. It is customary for a utility-scale fuel cell stack to consist of several hundreds of series-connected cells, each producing 0.6 V at full load. A power conditioner consisting of dc–dc and dc–ac converters is required for utility interface, which are operated in high frequency, employing pulsewidth-modulation control for voltage and current regulation. Due to their switch-mode nature, a common-mode voltage with respect to ground is generated. The common-mode voltage, in turn, contributes to the circulating ground current, which can interfere with the ground fault protection system. In addition, it also contributes to the neutral shift and electromagnetic interference. Moreover, the electrostatic potential to ground within the fuel cell stack needs to be limited for safe operation. This paper presents an analysis of common-mode voltage in several fuel-cell-powered converter topologies connected to the electric utility and discusses several mitigation methods suitable for utility-scale generation.

56.1.7    A. J. Mehta, B. Bandyopadhyay, "Frequency-Shaped Sliding Mode Control Using Output Sampled Measurements," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 28-35, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a method is presented for frequency-shaped sliding mode control using output feedback. A compensator is introduced in the sliding surface to attenuate the certain frequency component of the sliding mode dynamics. The output is measured at a faster rate than the control input to estimate the states of the system. The proposed output feedback frequency-shaped sliding mode controller is designed for the vibration suppression of intelligent structure. The simulation and experimental results show the efficacy of the method.

56.1.8    S. Hyodo, Y. Soeda, K. Ohnishi, "Verification of Flexible Actuator From Position and Force Transfer Characteristic and Its Application to Bilateral Teleoperation System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 36-42, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Robot hands have been utilized in bilateral teleoperation as mechanical interfaces. As mechanisms of robot hands, wire mechanisms and rod mechanisms have been developed. Wire mechanisms have a flexibility of allocation of actuators and the fingertips of the robot hand. The demerit of wire mechanisms is that they do not transmit position and force accurately. On the other hand, rod mechanisms are useful for transmitting position and force accurately. The disadvantage of rod mechanisms is that they restrict allocation of actuators and the fingertips of the robot hand. Therefore, the flexible actuator has been developed for having merits of both wire mechanisms and rod mechanisms. In the flexible actuator, the thrust wire transmits position and force from actuators to the fingertips of the robot hand. This paper verifies position and force transfer characteristics of the thrust wire. Moreover, as one of the application of the flexible actuator, the experimental results of a bilateral teleoperation system with the flexible actuator is shown. It is confirmed that the flexible actuator has the merits of both wire mechanisms and rod mechanisms when the flexible actuator is applied to the bilateral teleoperation system.

56.1.9    Y.-S. Kung, R.-F. Fung, T.-Y. Tai, "Realization of a Motion Control IC for $X{-}Y$ Table Based on Novel FPGA Technology," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 43-53, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The novel field-programmable-gate-array (FPGA) technology is able to combine an embedded processor and an application intellectual property to be a system-on-a-programmable-chip developing environment. Therefore, this paper presents a motion control IC for the $X{-}Y$ table under this novel FPGA technology. The proposed motion control IC has two modules. One module performs the functions of the motion trajectory and two position/speed controllers for the $X{-}Y$ table. The other module performs the functions of two current vector controllers of permanent-magnet synchronous motor drives. The former is implemented by software using a Nios II embedded processor due to the complicated control algorithm and low-sampling-frequency control (motion trajectory and position control: less than 1 kHz). The latter is implemented by hardware in the FPGA owing to the requirements of high-sampling-frequency control (current loop: 16 kHz; PWM circuit: 4–8 MHz) but simple computation. As a result, the hardware/software codesign technology can make the motion controller of the $X{-}Y$ table more compact, flexible, perform better, and less costly.

56.1.10    N. Motoi, T. Suzuki, K. Ohnishi, "A Bipedal Locomotion Planning Based on Virtual Linear Inverted Pendulum Mode," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 54-61, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a bipedal locomotion planning based on virtual linear inverted pendulum mode (VLIPM) is proposed. In conventional methods, the desired center of gravity (COG) position and velocity are achieved by modifying the foot placement. In this research, the desired COG position and velocity are achieved while the desired foot placement is also realized. In the proposed method, the virtual modified foot placement and trajectory planning are calculated separately. VLIPM is applied to the calculation of the virtual modified foot placement. By using virtual supporting point (VSP), the difference between the virtual modified and desired foot placements is compensated. In the result, the desired foot placement is achieved as if the foot placement is in the virtual modified foot placement. Trajectory planning is applied to LIPM with VSP and 5-D polynomial. The boundary conditions of the polynomial are set to the desired COG position and velocity. In the result, the desired COG position and velocity are also obtained. Differences of the motion by different models are compensated by matching the boundary conditions of different models. By applying different models in the calculations of the foot placement and trajectory planning, the desired robot motion is realized. The walking stability of the proposed method is equivalent to that of the conventional method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed by a simulation and an experiment.

56.1.11    R. Kubo, T. Shimono, K. Ohnishi, "Flexible Controller Design of Bilateral Grasping Systems Based on a Multilateral Control Scheme," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 62-68, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper describes a novel bilateral grasping control system including master–slave robots with different degree of freedom. The master and slave controllers are designed based on a multilateral control scheme. Decoupling design of force and position controllers is realized by mode transformation using the discrete Fourier transform matrices and a disturbance observer. In the proposed system, a human operator manipulates two master robots, and three slave robots grasp an object cooperatively. The proposed system makes it possible to grasp an object tightly in the slave side and to transmit feeling of grasping to a human operator vividly. The validity of the proposed method is shown by numerical and experimental results.

56.1.12    M. Malinowski, S. Stynski, W. Kolomyjski, M. P. Kazmierkowski, "Control of Three-Level PWM Converter Applied to Variable-Speed-Type Turbines," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 69-77, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes advanced control of a three-phase three-level neutral-point-clamped pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) converter connecting a permanent-magnet synchronous generator to a grid. The control scheme is mainly based on active and reactive power loops and contains the following additional blocks: virtual flux and filter-capacitor voltage estimators for sensorless operation, active damping (AD) of possible resonances in the LCL filter that connects the converter to the grid, and a PWM modulator with dc-link voltage balancing and minimization of switching losses. It is shown that the proposed control method exhibits several features such as sensorless operation, robust algorithm, minimization of switching losses, and simple tuning procedure of AD. The simulation and experimental results have proven an excellent performance and verified the validity of the proposed system.

56.1.13    T. Bhattacharya, V. S. Giri, K. Mathew, L. Umanand, "Multiphase Bidirectional Flyback Converter Topology for Hybrid Electric Vehicles," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 78-84, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: For hybrid electric vehicles, the batteries and the drive dc link may be at different voltages. The batteries are at low voltage to obtain higher volumetric efficiencies, and the dc link is at higher voltage to have higher efficiency on the motor side. Therefore, a power interface between the batteries and the drive's dc link is essential. This power interface should handle power flow from battery to motor, motor to battery, external genset to battery, and grid to battery. This paper proposes a multi-power-port topology which is capable of handling multiple power sources and still maintains simplicity and features like obtaining high gain, wide load variations, lower output-current ripple, and capability of parallel-battery energy due to the modular structure. The scheme incorporates a transformer winding technique which drastically reduces the leakage inductance of the coupled inductor. The development and testing of a bidirectional flyback dc–dc converter for hybrid electric vehicle is described in this paper. Simple hysteresis voltage control is used for dc-link voltage regulation. The experimental results are presented to show the working of the proposed converter.

56.1.14    M. A. S. K. Khan, M. A. Rahman, "Development and Implementation of a Novel Fault Diagnostic and Protection Technique for IPM Motor Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 85-92, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents the practical implementation of a novel fault diagnostic and protection scheme for the interior permanent-magnet (IPM) synchronous motors using wavelet packet transform (WPT) and artificial neural network. In the proposed technique, the line currents of different faulted and normal conditions of the IPM motor are preprocessed by the WPT. The second level WPT coefficients of line currents are used as inputs of a three-layer feedforward neural network. The proposed protection technique is successfully simulated and experimentally tested on the line-fed and inverter-fed IPM motors. The Texas Instrument 32-bit floating-point digital signal processor TMS320C31 is used for the real-time implementation of the proposed protection algorithm. The offline and online test results of both line-fed and inverter-fed IPM motors are given. These test results showed satisfactory performances of the proposed diagnostic and protection technique in terms of speed, accuracy, and reliability.


Single-Phase Electronics
56.1.15    T.-E. Jang, H.-J. Kim, H. Kim, "Dimming Control Characteristics of Electrodeless Fluorescent Lamps," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 93-100, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The study described in this paper was undertaken to identify the dimming control characteristics of the electrodeless fluorescent lamp. First, to accomplish this, a model of the electrodeless fluorescent lamp was made. Two kinds of dimming control methods, the variable switching frequency control method and the variable dc-link voltage control method, were then applied to the resulting model of the lamp, after which the results of the application of the two methods on the lamp model were compared. The hypotheses that were initially formulated were confirmed by the results of the experiment that was conducted on the 100-W ENDURA-type electrodeless fluorescent lamp. The results show that the lamp's dimming control of the switching frequency control is nonlinear and that of the variable dc-link voltage is linear over a wide range, and the theoretical value obtained by the proposed model well matches that of the experimental value.


Multiphase Systems
56.1.16    J. I. Leon, S. Vazquez, R. Portillo, L. G. Franquelo, J. M. Carrasco, P. W. Wheeler, A. J. Watson, "Three-Dimensional Feedforward Space Vector Modulation Applied to Multilevel Diode-Clamped Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 101-109, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Simplified space vector modulation (SVM) techniques for multilevel converters are being developed to improve factors such as the computational cost, number of commutations, and voltage distortion. The feedforward SVM presented in this paper takes into account the actual dc capacitor voltage unbalance of the multilevel power converter. The resulting technique is a low-cost generalized feedforward 3-D SVM method and is particularized for three-phase multilevel diode-clamped converters. This new modulation technique can be applied to topologies where the gamma component may not be zero. The computational cost of the proposed method is similar to those of comparable methods, and it is independent of the number of levels of the power converter. Experimental results using a three-level diode-clamped converter are presented to validate the proposed modulation technique.

56.1.17    N. VÁzquez, H. Rodriguez, C. HernÁndez, E. RodrÍguez, J. Arau, "Three-Phase Rectifier With Active Current Injection and High Efficiency," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 110-119, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: An active current injection network for a three-phase rectifier is proposed. The proposed circuit uses three bidirectional switches operating at low frequency and a half-bridge inverter operating at high frequency. It also uses an inductor in order to make the current modulation. Because only 3.7% of the total power delivered to the load is processed by the injection network, the proposed converter offers high efficiency, and not only a high power factor is obtained but also the total harmonic distortion is reduced. Operation, analysis, simulation, and experimental results are shown in this paper.

56.1.18    D. Yazdani, S. Ali Khajehoddin, A. Bakhshai, G. Joos, "Full Utilization of the Inverter in Split-Phase Drives by Means of a Dual Three-Phase Space Vector Classification Algorithm," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 120-129, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A simple and effective space vector pulsewidth-modulation technique for six-phase voltage-source-inverter-fed split-phase induction motors is presented in this paper. The approach employs dual three-phase space vector modulators equipped with overmodulation schemes that compensate for the voltage gain reduction due to the use of two independently controlled three-phase inverters. It secures full control of the voltage gain up to the maximum achievable gain with negligible low-order harmonics and utilizes a simple classification algorithm for the implementation of the space vector modulation (SVM) in both linear and overmodulation modes. Experimental results are provided to verify the validity of the proposed SVM split-phase approach.


Renewable Energy Systems
56.1.19    P. Flores, J. Dixon, M. Ortuzar, R. Carmi, P. Barriuso, L. Moran, "Static Var Compensator and Active Power Filter With Power Injection Capability, Using 27-Level Inverters and Photovoltaic Cells," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 130-138, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: An active power filter and static var compensator with active power generation capability has been implemented using a 27-level inverter. Each phase of this inverter is composed of three “H” bridges, all of them connected to the same dc link and their outputs connected through output transformers scaled in the power of three. The filter can compensate load currents with a high harmonic content and a low power factor, resulting in sinusoidal currents from the source. To take advantage of this compensator, the dc link, instead of a capacitor, uses a battery pack, which is charged from a photovoltaic array connected to the batteries through a maximum power point tracker. This combined topology make it possible to produce active power and even to feed the loads during prolonged voltage outages. Simulation results for this application are shown, and some experiments with a 3-kVA device are displayed.

56.1.20    A. Gebregergis, P. Pillay, D. Bhattacharyya, R. Rengaswemy, "Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Modeling," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 139-148, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper discusses the modeling of a solid oxide fuel cell using both lumped and distributed modeling approaches. In particular, the focus of this paper is on the development of a computationally efficient lumped-parameter model for real-time emulation and control. The performance of this model is compared with a detailed distributed model and experimental results. The fundamental relations that govern a fuel cell operation are utilized in both approaches. However, the partial pressure of the species (fuel, air, and water) in the distributed model is assumed to vary through the length of the fuel cell. The lumped model approach uses the partial pressure of the species at the exit point of the fuel cell. The partial pressure of the species is represented by an equivalent $RC$ circuit in the lumped model.

56.1.21    J. Selvaraj, N. A. Rahim, "Multilevel Inverter For Grid-Connected PV System Employing Digital PI Controller," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 149-158, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a single-phase five-level photovoltaic (PV) inverter topology for grid-connected PV systems with a novel pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) control scheme. Two reference signals identical to each other with an offset equivalent to the amplitude of the triangular carrier signal were used to generate PWM signals for the switches. A digital proportional–integral current control algorithm is implemented in DSP TMS320F2812 to keep the current injected into the grid sinusoidal and to have high dynamic performance with rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. The inverter offers much less total harmonic distortion and can operate at near-unity power factor. The proposed system is verified through simulation and is implemented in a prototype, and the experimental results are compared with that with the conventional single-phase three-level grid-connected PWM inverter.


Robotics and Mechatronics
56.1.22    Y. Tanaka, T. Murakami, "A Study on Straight-Line Tracking and Posture Control in Electric Bicycle," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 159-168, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The development of automatic control for driving a bicycle is a challenging theme and is expected to be a human assist system. Previously, an acceleration-based method for stabilizing bicycle posture was proposed by the authors. In the experiments with this controller, the posture of the bicycle might be stabilized, but it is impossible to run on the desired trajectory, because there is no consideration with respect to a trajectory control. For the sake of expanding this system into more sophisticated equipment, a realization of the trajectory control for the bicycle is important. From the viewpoint of an assist system for human motion, a unified control of posture and trajectory brings a sophisticated function to a bicycle, and a high-performance bicycle is expected to be a convenient vehicle, similar to a small car. This paper proposes two strategies to stabilize bicycle posture and trajectory control that realizes a straight-line tracking: one is a lateral velocity controller, and the other is a steering function controller. The validity of the proposed approaches is evaluated by simulations and experiments.


Drive Control
56.1.23    H. Jin, J. Lee, "An RMRAC Current Regulator for Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on Statistical Model Interpretation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 169-177, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A new robust model reference adaptive control (RMRAC) scheme for the current regulation of a permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is proposed in a synchronous frame, which is completely free from the control performance degradation caused by parameter uncertainties. The current regulator of the PMSM is the innermost loop of its electromechanical driving system and plays an important role in the control hierarchy. When the PMSM runs precisely at high speeds, the cross-coupling terms must be compensated for. In the proposed RMRAC, the input signal is composed of the control voltage obtained by the model reference adaptive control (MRAC) law and the output of the disturbance estimator. The gains of the feedforward and feedback controllers are estimated by the proposed modified gradient method, where the system disturbances are filtered out by the estimated current regulation error. A voltage corresponding to the estimated system disturbances is fed forward to the control input in order to filter out the disturbances. The proposed method compensates the cross-coupling terms in a synchronous current model regardless of parameter variations. It also shows a good real-time performance due to the simplicity of control structure. Through simulations and real experiments, the efficiency of the proposed method is verified.

56.1.24    F.-J. Lin, P.-H. Chou, "Adaptive Control of Two-Axis Motion Control System Using Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Neural Network," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 178-193, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: An interval type-2 fuzzy neural network (IT2FNN) control system is proposed for the precision control of a two-axis motion control system in this paper. The adopted two-axis motion control system is composed of two permanent-magnet linear synchronous motors. In the proposed IT2FNN control system, an IT2FNN, which combines the merits of an interval type-2 fuzzy logic system and a neural network, is developed to approximate an unknown dynamic function. Moreover, adaptive learning algorithms that can train the parameters of the IT2FNN online are derived using the Lyapunov stability theorem. Furthermore, a robust compensator is proposed to confront the uncertainties, including a minimum reconstructed error, optimal parameter vectors, and higher order terms in Taylor series. To relax the requirement for the value of the lumped uncertainty in the robust controller, an adaptive lumped uncertainty estimation law is also investigated. Last, the proposed control algorithms are implemented in a TMS320C32 digital-signal-processor-based control computer. From the simulated and experimental results, the contour tracking performance of the two-axis motion control system is significantly improved, and the robustness can be obtained as well using the proposed IT2FNN control system.

56.1.25    M. Rotella, G. Penailillo, J. Pereda, J. Dixon, "PWM Method to Eliminate Power Sources in a Nonredundant 27-Level Inverter for Machine Drive Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 194-201, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A nonredundant three-stage 27-level inverter using “H” converters is analyzed for medium- and high-power machine drive applications. The main advantage of this converter is the optimization of levels with a minimum number of semiconductors. However, the system needs six bidirectional and isolated power supplies and three more unidirectional if the machine is not using regenerative braking. In this paper, these nine power supplies are reduced to only four, all of them unidirectional, using three strategies: 1) the utilization of independent and isolated windings for each phase of the motor; 2) the utilization of independent input transformers; and 3) the most important of them, the application of special pulsewidth modulation (PWM) strategies on the 27-level converter, to keep positive average power at the medium power bridges and zero average power at the low-power bridges. The generation of this PWM and control of this multiconverter was implemented using DSP controllers, which give flexibility to the system.

56.1.26    K. W.-H. Tsui, N. C. Cheung, K. C.-W. Yuen, "Novel Modeling and Damping Technique for Hybrid Stepper Motor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 202-211, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: It is well known that commercial hybrid stepper system has one or more low-speed resonant points. However, this characteristic cannot be accurately modeled without high-order equations or complicated measurement of motor parameters. In this paper, a novel approach is proposed to model the behavior of a commercial 1.8 $^{circ}$ hybrid stepper motor accurately and efficiently. Also, model-based damping algorithms for both open-loop control and servo control are proposed. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed algorithms can effectively eliminate low-speed resonance and vibration of the stepper system. The algorithms are efficient enough to be implemented on commercial DSP-based controllers without sacrificing motion control performance.


Signal Processing and Control
56.1.27    B. Biswal, P. K. Dash, B. K. Panigrahi, "Power Quality Disturbance Classification Using Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm and Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 212-220, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a new approach for the visual localization, detection, and classification of various nonstationary power signals using a variety of windowing techniques. Among the various windows used earlier like sine, cosine, tangent, hyperbolic tangent, Gaussian, bi-Gaussian, and complex, the modified Gaussian window is found to provide excellent normalized frequency contours of the power signal disturbances suitable for accurate detection, localization, and classification. Various nonstationary power signals are processed through the generalized $S$-transform with modified Gaussian window to generate time–frequency contours for extracting relevant features for pattern classification. The extracted features are clustered using fuzzy C-means algorithm, and finally, the algorithm is extended using either particle swarm optimization or genetic algorithm to refine the cluster centers.

56.1.28    K.-H. Yi, S.-W. Choi, G.-W. Moon, "New Dual Sustaining Driver Using Two Different Energy Recovery Circuits for Large-Sized Plasma Display Panels (PDPs)," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 221-230, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A new dual sustaining driver using two different energy recovery circuits (ERCs) for large-sized plasma display panels (PDPs) is proposed. The proposed sustaining driver has two H-bridge inverters to be used in splitting a panel into two. Two ERCs are employed to compensate energy for charging or discharging the panel. When PDPs with the two divided panels are driven by the proposed driver, there are good uniformity in gas discharge and reduction of power consumption by the two different ERCs used in charging and discharging the panel. As results, the proposed sustaining driver has low conduction loss, diminished switching loss of all main power switches, and decrease of reactive power consumption for recovering energy. Moreover, production cost can be reduced because of the simplified ERC for discharging the panel and no additional driving circuits. To verify the operation of the proposed circuit, experimental results will be shown by using a 42-in panel.

56.1.29    Y. Zhang, K. K. Tan, S. Huang, "Vision-Servo System for Automated Cell Injection," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 231-238, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Recent developments in nuclear reprogramming and intracytoplasmic sperm injection reflect an increasing need for more advanced and automatic micromanipulation technologies. In this paper, we present an automatic cell injection system, which is capable of visually monitoring the injecting process and controlling the microactuators. Traditionally, cell injection was manually operated, and it was laborious, time consuming, of low accuracy, and prone to contamination due to the handling requirements. An automatic and efficient strategy is required to eliminate these drawbacks. In this paper, a system is developed where the injection process is monitored and controlled automatically via integration of a vision system to an injector manipulation system. The cell is located, and the pipette is positioned and driven by the algorithm to achieve effective penetration. The precision achieved is physically proven to be within a good tolerance range.


Diagnosis and Monitoring
56.1.30    Z. Gao, T. G. Habetler, R. G. Harley, "A Complex Space Vector Approach to Rotor Temperature Estimation for Line-Connected Induction Machines With Impaired Cooling," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 239-247, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Thermal models used in overload protection relays often fail to predict the rotor temperature for motors with impaired cooling conditions. In this case, the temperature estimated from the rotor resistance can be used as an indicator of the motor's cooling capability. However, this estimated rotor temperature is often corrupted by estimation error due to the asymmetry in the power supply. A detailed analysis of the trajectories of the complex current and voltage space vectors in a synchronous reference frame is presented in this paper, and the negative sequence fundamental frequency components are identified as the major cause of the estimation error. Based on this analysis, a fast and efficient algorithm is proposed to calculate the rotor temperature for line-connected induction machines. By applying the Goertzel algorithm to the complex current and voltage space vectors, constructed directly from the motor terminal measurements, the positive sequence fundamental frequency components are extracted, and the rotor temperature is then estimated with significantly reduced estimation error. Compared to the conventional scheme based on the fast Fourier transform, the proposed algorithm is faster and more efficient, and is therefore more suitable for implementation on a low-cost hardware platform.

56.1.31    J. Guzinski, M. Diguet, Z. Krzeminski, A. Lewicki, H. Abu-Rub, "Application of Speed and Load Torque Observers in High-Speed Train Drive for Diagnostic Purposes," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 248-256, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, an application of speed and load torque observers is presented. The aim of the observer implementation is to be used in the diagnostic system for a motor speed sensor and a torque transmission system. The diagnostic system is dedicated to the high-speed train propelled by an induction motor. An analysis of the observed variables allows the identification of problems in the mechanical part of the main traction drive. For example, in the case of speed sensor faults, the motor control system could be switched into speed-sensorless control. The proposed observers were verified by simulation and on a test bench for 1.2-MW rail vehicle motor used in high-speed trains.

56.1.32    K. B. Smida, P. Bidan, T. Lebey, F. B. Ammar, M. Elleuch, "Identification and Time-Domain Simulation of the Association Inverter–Cable–Asynchronous Machine Using Diffusive Representation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 257-265, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Simulation models allowing the determination of the overvoltages at the motor's terminals are presented. Since these overvoltages are due to both the fronts and to the reflection phenomenon, the modeling of the machine and cable is achieved at an adequate time scale by using a lossy transmission line approach. The diffusive representation, a recently developed mathematical tool, is used for the simulation in the time domain of the inverter–cable–machine association.


Emerging Technology
56.1.33    J. Leuchter, P. Bauer, V. Rerucha, V. Hajek, "Dynamic Behavior Modeling and Verification of Advanced Electrical-Generator Set Concept," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 266-279, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Current development trends regarding mobile electrical-generator sets (EGSs) indicate that enhancement of efficiency is to be sought in means to operate the driving engine (either diesel or gasoline) continuously at its optimum speed. The engine–generator dynamics at a sudden load change (from low load to high load) remains a challenge in this regard. The dynamic behavior analysis presented here proves that the introduction of an energy storage element into the EGS with variable-engine-speed concept eliminates this drawback. This paper addresses the identification of the dynamic behavior of such variable-speed EGS systems and the problems encountered during a sudden increase of load (power and voltage drops).

56.1.34    "Access over 1 million articles-the IEEE Digital Library," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 280-280, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

56.1.35    "IEEE Industrial Electronics Society Information," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. C3-C3, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

56.1.36    "IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics information for authors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. C4-C4, Jan 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

 IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 

Volume 56,  Number 2, Feb 2009           Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE     IE Transactions Home Page



56.2.1    "Table of Contents," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. C1-281, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

56.2.2    "IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics publication information," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. C2-C2, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available


Special Section on Voltage and Current Control of Power Converters


56.2.3    M. Liserre, P. Mattavelli, D. G. Holmes, "Guest Editorial," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 282-284, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available


Special Section Papers
56.2.4    Y. Liu, H. Hong, A. Q. Huang, "Real-Time Calculation of Switching Angles Minimizing THD for Multilevel Inverters With Step Modulation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 285-293, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Multilevel inverters have been widely applied in industries. A family of optimal pulsewidth modulation (PWM) methods for multilevel inverters, such as step modulation, can generate output voltage with less harmonic distortion than popular modulation strategies, such as the carrier-based sinusoidal PWM or the space vector PWM. However, some drawbacks limit the application of optimal PWM. One of such crucial drawback is that the optimal switching angles could not be calculated in real-time and one has to rely on lookup tables with precalculated angles. We propose a novel real-time algorithm for calculating switching angles that minimizes total harmonic distortion (THD) for step modulation. We give a mathematical proof that the output voltage has the minimum THD. We implemented the algorithm on a digital signal processor and provide experimental results that verify the performance of the proposed algorithm.

56.2.5    J. Zaragoza, J. Pou, S. Ceballos, E. Robles, P. Ibanez, J. L. Villate, "A Comprehensive Study of a Hybrid Modulation Technique for the Neutral-Point-Clamped Converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 294-304, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a hybrid modulation technique for the three-level neutral-point-clamped converter. A modulation strategy, based on two modulation signals per phase, was presented previously. This strategy completely removes the low-frequency voltage oscillations that appear at the neutral point (NP) in some operation conditions. However, it also has a major drawback: it significantly increases the switching losses of the converter. The proposal in this paper combines such a modulation strategy with sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation (SPWM). The main characteristic of this hybrid modulation is the reduction in switching losses at the cost of some low-frequency voltage oscillations at the NP. The amplitude of these oscillations can be controlled by varying the combination of the two strategies. The performance of the hybrid modulation is analyzed and compared with the original strategies. Power losses and oscillation amplitudes on the dc-link capacitors are evaluated. Experimental results show how the hybrid modulation performs by balancing the dc-link capacitors.

56.2.6    J. Zaragoza, J. Pou, S. Ceballos, E. Robles, C. Jaen, M. Corbalan, "Voltage-Balance Compensator for a Carrier-Based Modulation in the Neutral-Point-Clamped Converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 305-314, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents an optimal voltage-balancing compensator for a specific modulation technique applied to a neutral-point-clamped converter. The technique uses two modulation signals per phase, and it is called double-signal pulsewidth modulation. It completely eliminates low-frequency oscillations in the neutral-point voltage. However, it does not provide natural voltage balancing; therefore, a compensation loop is required. The proposed control generates a feedback compensation signal that correctly modifies the three-phase modulation signals. The optimal compensation signal is calculated by a dynamic limiter according to the intrinsic limitations of the system related to the variability range of the modulation signals. It significantly improves the voltage balancing under all operating conditions of the converter. In addition, this compensation strategy does not increase the switching frequencies of the power devices. The algorithm is tested and verified using both simulation and experimentation.

56.2.7    J. I. Leon, S. Vazquez, A. J. Watson, L. G. Franquelo, P. W. Wheeler, J. M. Carrasco, "Feed-Forward Space Vector Modulation for Single-Phase Multilevel Cascaded Converters With Any DC Voltage Ratio," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 315-325, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Modulation techniques for multilevel converters can create distorted output voltages and currents if the dc-link voltages are unbalanced. This situation can be avoided if the instantaneous dc voltage error is not taken into account in the modulation process. This paper proposes a feed-forward space vector modulation method for a single-phase multilevel cascade converter. Using this modulation technique, the modulated output voltage of the power converter always generates the reference determined by the controller, even in worst case voltage unbalance conditions. In addition, the possibility of optimizing the dc voltage ratio between the H-bridges of the power converter is introduced. Experimental results from a 5-kVA prototype are presented in order to validate the proposed modulation technique.

56.2.8    D. Casadei, G. Serra, A. Tani, L. Zarri, "Optimal Use of Zero Vectors for Minimizing the Output Current Distortion in Matrix Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 326-336, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper is focused on the current quality of matrix converter controlled by space vector modulation (SVM) feeding inductive loads. The analysis carried out in this paper leads to the determination of the optimal use of zero vectors, i.e., the switching pattern leading to the minimum rms value of the load current ripple. The optimization of the switching pattern is based on the graphical analysis of the loci described by the ripple of the current vector in the $alpha$– $beta$ reference frame. As a result, a set of analytical relationships that allow the online calculation of the duty cycles of the zero vectors is presented. Finally, simulation and experimental results confirm that the current ripple of the proposed modulation strategy is lower than that of traditional SVM strategies and, in some cases, with a reduced number of commutations.

56.2.9    C. Lascu, L. Asiminoaei, I. Boldea, F. Blaabjerg, "Frequency Response Analysis of Current Controllers for Selective Harmonic Compensation in Active Power Filters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 337-347, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper compares four current control structures for selective harmonic compensation in active power filters. All controllers under scrutiny perform the harmonic compensation by using arrays of resonant controllers, one for the fundamental and one for each harmonic of interest, in order to achieve zero phase shift and unity gain in the closed-loop transfer function for selected harmonics. The complete current controller is the superposition of all individual harmonic controllers and may be implemented in various reference frames. The analysis is focused on the comparison of harmonic and total closed-loop transfer functions for each controller. Analytical similarities and differences between schemes in terms of frequency response characteristics are emphasized. It is concluded that three of them have identical harmonic behavior despite the fact that their implementation is significantly different. It emerges that the fourth one has superior behavior and robustness and can stably work at higher frequencies than the others. Theoretical findings and analysis are supported by comparative experimental results on a 7-kVA laboratory setup. The highest harmonic frequency that can be stably compensated with each control method has been determined, indicating significant differences in the control performance.

56.2.10    M. S. Carmeli, F. Castelli-Dezza, G. Superti-Furga, "Generalized Decoupling Method for Current-Controlled Multiswitching Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 348-359, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Among converter control techniques, the direct current tracking methods give fast and accurate response with good dynamic performance. Unfortunately, in multiswitching systems, these techniques have certain drawbacks. In particular, when the number of controlled switching elements is greater than the number of independent currents, undesirable interactions arise between the control algorithms. This paper proposes a general and systematic approach to decouple the controlled currents. This allows us to adopt simpler current tracking strategies (not discussed in this paper) for each controlled switching element even in complex multiswitching converters. Independence between lower level switching algorithms is achieved by means of a set of decoupling variables. Simulation and experimental results from a case study are reported.

56.2.11    A. Gensior, H. Sira-Ramirez, J. Rudolph, H. Guldner, "On Some Nonlinear Current Controllers for Three-Phase Boost Rectifiers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 360-370, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Several flatness-based current controllers for three-phase three-wire boost rectifiers are compared. For this purpose, the flatness of a rectifier model is shown, and a trajectory planning algorithm that nominally achieves voltage regulation in finite time is given. The main focus lies on the inner loop current controllers. On one hand, linearization-based controllers using exact feedback linearization, exact feedforward linearization, and input–output linearization are discussed. On the other hand, two passivity-based approaches are compared. The first one is the energy shaping and damping injection method, and the other one uses exact tracking error dynamics passive output feedback. Furthermore, a reduced-order load observer is given, and a method that allows the prevention of invalid switching patterns is presented. The presented control algorithms are tested by simulations on a switched model.

56.2.12    M. H. Bierhoff, F. W. Fuchs, "Active Damping for Three-Phase PWM Rectifiers With High-Order Line-Side Filters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 371-379, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Active rectifiers interfacing the grid have gained much attention in recent years due to their current control capability that enables the application to exchange a certain range of power at the benefit of low harmonic distortion compared to line commutated converters. Moreover, the amount of active and reactive powers can be arbitrarily chosen within certain limits. These limits as well as the degree of harmonic attenuation is determined by the line-side filter. This paper basically focuses on the current control of active rectifiers incorporating a line-side filter of first- up to third-order degree. Thus, it treats both the current-source converter (CSC) as well as the voltage-source converter (VSC). The basic models of the plant are derived for each case, and important dualities are pointed out. As a conclusion, a recipe for the controller design of particularly CSCs with $LC$ filters and VSCs with $LCL$ filters is proposed.

56.2.13    J. Dannehl, C. Wessels, F. W. Fuchs, "Limitations of Voltage-Oriented PI Current Control of Grid-Connected PWM Rectifiers With $LCL$ Filters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 380-388, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Voltage-oriented PI control of three-phase grid-connected pulsewidth-modulation rectifiers with $LCL$ filters is addressed. $LCL$ filters require resonance damping. Active resonance damping is state of the art to face the problem, but it is still under investigation because of the manifold solutions. It is often realized using many sensors and/or complex control algorithms. In contrast, pure PI control requires only one set of current sensors, and its implementation and design are rather simple and well known from the $L$ filter control. PI control has already been shown to be a suitable solution also for $LCL$ filters, but there are limitations. These are investigated in this paper. System stability is analyzed with respect to different ratios of $LCL$ filter resonance and control frequencies. The latter are important parameters for system design and control. Both line and converter current control are analyzed. For a certain range of frequency ratios, the voltage-oriented PI control gives stable performance without additional feedback, but for ratios outside this range, stable operation is impossible. Experimental tests validate the theoretical results. In addition, an experimentally determined $LCL$ filter transfer function is shown in this paper, which shows a lower resonance peak as expected from commonly used filter models.

56.2.14    S. Mariethoz, M. Morari, "Explicit Model-Predictive Control of a PWM Inverter With an LCL Filter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 389-399, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper deals with the control of pulsewidth modulation inverters connected to the grid through resonant LCL filters. It proposes two alternative (piecewise affine) models that account for the switched behavior of the converter. Based on these improved models, an explicit model-predictive control scheme is derived in order to provide a fast response, making it very suitable for applications, such as active filtering, where a large bandwidth is required. A state observer and a grid voltage estimator are used in order to reduce the number of required sensors and to eliminate noise. The control scheme relies only on filtered current measurements and on the dc voltage.

56.2.15    Y.-J. Woo, M.-C. Lee, K.-C. Lee, G.-H. Cho, "One-Chip Class-E Inverter Controller for Driving a Magnetron," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 400-407, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A one-chip class-E inverter controller is implemented in a 0.35-$mu hbox{m}$ standard CMOS process. The control IC generates a control signal to turn on or off the insulated-gate bipolar transistor switch of the class-E inverter power supply driving a magnetron load which generates 2.45-GHz microwave for heating. It provides active power factor correction, soft start, and thermal protection. The rated RF output power of the magnetron is around 1.2 kW for a 100-V ac line, and an input power factor of over 0.98 is maintained. The proposed integrated solution gives better system performance with lower cost than conventional discrete solutions.

56.2.16    P. Lezana, J. Rodriguez, M. A. Perez, J. Espinoza, "Input Current Harmonics in a Regenerative Multicell Inverter With Single-Phase PWM Rectifiers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 408-417, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Harmonics are a very important issue in the design and operation of medium-voltage inverter drives, due to restrictions imposed by regulations. This paper studies the harmonics generated by a three-phase multicell cascade inverter, with single-phase pulsewidth modulation rectifiers at the input side of each cell; thus, the entire topology is able to regenerate power to the net. This paper identifies accurately the harmonic generation process in the dc-link voltage, the input current of each cell, and, therefore, at the input side of the inverter. Moreover, this paper proposes a method to reduce and, in some cases, eliminate the input current harmonics, reaching a very high input power factor for any operation condition. Simulation and experimental results are provided to validate the theoretical analysis.

56.2.17    A. Luo, Z. Shuai, W. Zhu, Z. J. Shen, "Combined System for Harmonic Suppression and Reactive Power Compensation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 418-428, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a combined system of static var compensator (SVC) and active power filter (APF) was proposed. The system has the function of power factor correction, voltage stability, and harmonic suppression. The SVC, which consists of delta-connected thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR) and Y-connected passive power filter (PPF), is mainly for voltage stability and power factor correction. The small rating APF is used to filter harmonics generated by the nonlinear load and the TCR in the SVC and to suppress possible resonance between the grid and the PPFs. The configuration and principle of the combined system were discussed first, and then, the control method of the combined system was presented. An optimal nonlinear proportional–integral control was proposed to improve the dynamic response and decrease the steady-state error of the SVC. Harmonic detection with precompensation method and improved generalized integrator control were proposed to improve the performance of APF. The new combined system is compared to classical SVC. It is implemented in a 200-kVA prototype in the laboratory. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed combined configuration can effectively stabilize system voltage, correct power factor, and suppress harmonic currents.

56.2.18    R. Cardenas, R. Pena, P. Wheeler, J. Clare, G. Asher, "Control of the Reactive Power Supplied by a WECS Based on an Induction Generator Fed by a Matrix Converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 429-438, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a new control system to regulate the reactive power supplied by a variable-speed wind energy conversion system (WECS), based on an induction generator fed by a matrix converter (MC), is presented. The control system discussed in this paper is based on an input current observer, implemented using an estimation of the modulation matrix, and a nonlinear control loop that regulates the displacement angle at the MC input. The reactive power capability of the proposed system is also investigated. The work presented in this paper demonstrates that, for the proposed WECS, the maximum reactive power supplied to the grid is about 40% of the nominal value. Experimental results obtained from an experimental prototype are presented in this paper. The performance of the system using a wind turbine emulator and typical wind profiles is discussed in this paper.

56.2.19    J. Hu, Y. He, L. Xu, B. W. Williams, "Improved Control of DFIG Systems During Network Unbalance Using PI–R Current Regulators," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 439-451, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a new control strategy for a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) under unbalanced network voltage conditions. Coordinated control of the grid- and rotor-side converters (GSC and RSC, respectively) during voltage unbalance is proposed. Under an unbalanced supply voltage, the RSC is controlled to eliminate the torque pulsation at double supply frequency. The oscillation of the stator output active power is then compensated by the active power output from the GSC, to ensure constant active power output from the overall DFIG generation system. In order to provide precise control of the positive- and negative-sequence currents of the GSC and RSC, a current control scheme consisting of a proportional integral (PI) controller and a resonant (R) compensator is presented. The PI plus R current regulator is implemented in the positive synchronous reference frame without the need to decompose the positive- and negative-sequence components. Simulations on a 1.5-MW DFIG system and experimental tests on a 1.5-kW prototype validate the proposed strategy. Precise control of both positive- and negative-sequence currents and simultaneous elimination of torque and total active power oscillations have been achieved.

56.2.20    M. Saeedifard, R. Iravani, J. Pou, "A Space Vector Modulation Strategy for a Back-to-Back Five-Level HVDC Converter System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 452-466, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The dc-capacitor voltage drift is the main technical drawback of a multilevel diode-clamped converter (DCC) system. This paper proposes a space vector modulation (SVM)-based switching strategy that takes advantage of the redundant switching states of the SVM to counteract the voltage drift phenomenon of a five-level DCC-based back-to-back high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) converter system. The proposed strategy is based on online minimization of a quadratic cost function, associated with the voltage deviations of the dc capacitors. The salient feature of the proposed strategy is that it enables voltage balancing of the dc capacitors with no requirements for offline calculations, additional controls, or auxiliary power circuitry. Performance of the proposed SVM-based balancing strategy for a back-to-back HVDC converter system, based on time-domain simulation studies in the PSCAD/EMTDC environment, is evaluated and experimentally verified. The studies demonstrate capability of the proposed SVM strategy to control and maintain voltage balance of dc capacitors.


Single-Phase Electronics
56.2.21    Y.-M. Liu, L.-K. Chang, "Single-Stage Soft-Switching AC–DC Converter With Input-Current Shaping for Universal Line Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 467-479, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a novel single-stage soft-switching ac–dc converter for universal line applications is presented. Unlike the conventional single-stage designs, the proposed input-current shaping scheme is intentionally arranged to be charged in the duty-off time. With this design, the switch current stress in the duty-on time is significantly reduced. Meanwhile, this design produces ac modulation effect on the charging time of the boost inductor so that the input $i{-}nu$ curve drawn by the proposed converter has nearly linear relationship. Moreover, an active-clamp flyback–forward topology is used as the downstream dc–dc cell to alleviate voltage stress across the bulk capacitor. By deactivating the flyback subconverter and keeping the forward subconverter supplying the output power at light-load condition, the bulk-capacitor voltage can be alleviated effectively and guaranteed below 450 V in wide ranges of output load and line input (90–265 $hbox{V}_{rm rms}$). Experimental results, obtained from a prototype circuit with 20-V/100-W output, have verified that three achievements can be obtained simultaneously, including the compliance with the line-current harmonic regulations, the reliable alleviation of the bulk-capacitor voltage stress, and the substantially promoted conversion efficiency.


Renewable Energy Systems
56.2.22    L.-R. Chen, "Design of Duty-Varied Voltage Pulse Charger for Improving Li-Ion Battery-Charging Response," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 480-487, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a duty-varied voltage pulse-charge strategy (DVVPCS), that can detect and dynamically track the suitable duty of the charge pulse, is proposed to improve the battery-charge performance. To assess the system performance, a prototype of the duty-varied voltage pulse charger (DVVPC) is designed and implemented. Comparing with the standard constant-current and constant-voltage (CC–CV) charge strategy, the charge speed of the proposed DVVPCS is improved by about 14%, while the proposed DVVPCS is improved by about 5% in comparison with the conventional duty-fixed voltage pulse-charge strategy (DFVPCS). The charge efficiency of the proposed DVVPC has been improved by about 3.4% as compared with that of the general CC–CV. In comparison with conventional DFVPCS with $D = 50%$, the charge efficiency of the proposed DVVPCS is improved by about 1.5%. The results indicate that the DVVPCS can actually provide pulse with suitable duty to charge the battery, and the charge performance is improved.


Robotics and Mechatronics
56.2.23    A. A. Masoud, "Managing the Dynamics of a Harmonic Potential Field-Guided Robot in a Cluttered Environment," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 488-496, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper demonstrates the ability of the harmonic potential field (HPF) planning method to generate a well-behaved constrained path for a robot with second order dynamics in a cluttered environment. It is shown that HPF-based controllers may be developed for holonomic, as well as nonholonomic, robots to effectively suppress the effect of inertial forces on the robot's trajectory while maintaining all the attractive features of a purely kinematic HPF planner. The capabilities of the suggested navigation controller are demonstrated using simulation results for the holonomic and nonholonomic cases.

56.2.24    K. Tanaka, K. Yamauchi, H. Ohtake, H. O. Wang, "Sensor Reduction for Backing-Up Control of a Vehicle With Triple Trailers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 497-509, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a cost-effective design based on sensor reduction for backing-up control of a vehicle with triple trailers. To realize a cost-effective design, we newly derive two linear-matrix-inequality (LMI) conditions for a discrete Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy system. One is an optimal dynamic output feedback design that guarantees desired control performance. The other is an avoidance of jackknife phenomenon for the use of the optimal dynamic output feedback controller. Our results demonstrate that the proposed LMI-based design effectively achieves the backing-up control of the vehicle with triple trailers while avoiding the jackknife phenomenon. More importantly, we demonstrate that the designed optimal control can achieve the backing-up control without, at least, two potentiometers that were employed to measure the relative angles (of a vehicle with triple trailers) in our previous experiments. Since the relative angles directly relate to the jackknife phenomenon, the successful control results without two potentiometers are very interesting and important from the cost-effective design point of view.

56.2.25    T. Tsuji, T. Hashimoto, H. Kobayashi, M. Mizuochi, K. Ohnishi, "A Wide-Range Velocity Measurement Method for Motion Control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 510-519, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper discusses velocity measurement for motor drives with optical encoders. Although many methods on velocity measurement have been proposed, accurate measurement was not achieved in a high-speed range. This paper therefore proposes synchronous-measurement method (S method) that measures the velocity synchronized with the alteration of pulse numbers in each sampling period. Accurate velocity measurement is achieved in all speed ranges with this method. Furthermore, other velocity prediction methods are applicable in addition to the method. Simulation and experimental results verify the validity of the proposed method.

56.2.26    W.-F. Xie, Z. Li, X.-W. Tu, C. Perron, "Switching Control of Image-Based Visual Servoing With Laser Pointer in Robotic Manufacturing Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 520-529, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, an Eye-in-Hand robotic system with laser pointer is developed to detect, grasp, and assemble a planar object on a main body in robotic manufacturing systems. This paper is focused on detecting the object and moving the end effector to a position where a pump can perfectly suck up the object. A switching control of image-based visual servoing (IBVS) is designed to control the pose of the end effector with respect to the stationary object so that the image features of the planar object observed by the camera converge to the target image features for the further assembly. A simple off-the-shelf laser pointer is adopted to realize the depth estimation for obtaining the image Jacobian matrices. By using a laser spot as an image feature and the separate degree-of-freedom method, the proposed switch-control algorithm decouples the rotational and translational motions of the camera to avoid the inherent drawbacks of traditional IBVS. The experiments on a robotic assembly system are given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Drive Control
56.2.27    Y. Li, Y. Hu, W. Huang, L. Liu, Y. Zhang, "The Capacity Optimization for the Static Excitation Controller of the Dual-Stator-Winding Induction Generator Operating in a Wide Speed Range," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 530-541, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The dual-stator-winding induction generator (DWIG) designed to achieve wide-speed-range operation with reduced capacity of the static power controller is presented. The DWIG consists of a standard squirrel-cage rotor and a stator with two separate windings wound for the same number of poles. This generator has a diode bridge rectifier load connected across to the power winding and a static excitation controller (SEC) to the control winding. Investigations into the reactive power released by the fixed excitation capacitor bank versus rotor speed under various loads represent that the minimal capacity of SEC can be achieved by an appropriate selection of excitation capacitor bank. With the help of instantaneous power theory, the control mechanism for the DWIG system working with a variable rotor speed is analyzed. Moreover, the system control strategy which is fit for the wide-speed-range operation using the stator flux orientation is consequently proposed. An 18-kW DWIG system with a 270-V high voltage dc output is developed. The simulation and experimental results illustrate a desirable performance, and the compact implementation of SEC is obtained.

56.2.28    S. Zhang, F. L. Luo, "Direct Control of Radial Displacement for Bearingless Permanent-Magnet-Type Synchronous Motors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 542-552, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In recent years, research has been focused on bearingless motors to suspend the rotor stably by controlling rotor radial displacement. Without studying the relationship between the radial suspension force and radial displacement, the traditional control method for rotor radial displacement has some drawbacks such as the complexity of computation and time-consuming tuning. In order to overcome these drawbacks, a novel approach to control the rotor radial displacement was proposed based on the relationship between the radial displacement and radial suspension force. The rotor flux orientation is adopted to decouple the electromagnetic torque and radial suspension force. This approach directly controls the rotor radial displacement of bearingless permanent-magnet-type synchronous motors. In addition, a control system was designed by applying this approach. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed control strategy is effective in realizing stable operation in rotor radial position control.

56.2.29    K. Basu, J. S. S. Prasad, G. Narayanan, "Minimization of Torque Ripple in PWM AC Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 553-558, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A pulsewidth modulation (PWM) technique is proposed for minimizing the rms torque ripple in inverter-fed induction motor drives subject to a given average switching frequency of the inverter. The proposed PWM technique is a combination of optimal continuous modulation and discontinuous modulation. The proposed technique is evaluated both theoretically as well as experimentally and is compared with well-known PWM techniques. It is shown that the proposed method reduces the rms torque ripple by about 30% at the rated speed of the motor drive, compared to conventional space vector PWM.


Signal Processing and Control
56.2.30    J. I. Artigas, I. Urriza, J. Acero, L. A. Barragan, D. Navarro, J. M. Burdio, "Power Measurement by Output-Current Integration in Series Resonant Inverters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 559-567, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In many applications, efficiency and service quality are improved with an appropriate power control. This paper focuses on a power-measurement method designed to deal with medium/high frequencies (tens to hundreds of kilohertz). It requires a previous knowledge of application and exploits some characteristics of the power topology and control, in this case, a full-bridge series resonant inverter. It is a new method based on a low-cost analog circuit that integrates the high-frequency load current, in order to reduce the computational complexity of measuring power. Harmonic analysis is carried out to determine the A/D converter requirements, and the theoretical results are verified using a digital-signal-processor (DSP)-based experimental setup. The power measurement may be implemented on the microcontroller or low-performance DSP used to control the power stage, with an error below of 2% independent of the load and mains variations.


Diagnosis and Monitoring
56.2.31    S. Villwock, M. Pacas, "Time-Domain Identification Method for Detecting Mechanical Backlash in Electrical Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 568-573, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper deals with the identification of mechanical backlash in drives. The development of a reliably working identification method is intended. The method presented in this paper is considered to be a necessary step toward the development of more complex diagnosis tools and condition monitoring systems that are demanded today in the area of servodrives. The main idea for identifying backlash is explained. Measurement results clearly point out the efficiency of the identification strategy proposed in this paper. Thus, the results of the identification can be utilized for the tuning of the controller or for the diagnostics of the actual state of the drive.


Instrumentation and Sensors
56.2.32    L. Ben-Brahim, M. Benammar, M. A. Alhamadi, "A Resolver Angle Estimator Based on Its Excitation Signal," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 574-580, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A resolver generates a pair of signals proportional to the sine and cosine of the angular position of its shaft. A new low-cost method for converting the amplitudes of these sine/cosine transducer signals into a measure of the input angle without using lookup tables is proposed. The new method takes advantage of the components used to operate the resolver, the excitation (carrier) signal in particular. This is a feedforward method based on comparing the amplitudes of the resolver signals to those of the excitation signal together with another shifted by $pi/2$. A simple method is then used to estimate the shaft angle through this comparison technique. The poor precision of comparison of the signals around their highly nonlinear peak regions is avoided by using a simple technique that relies only on the alternating pseudolinear segments of the signals. This results in a better overall accuracy of the converter. Beside simplicity of implementation, the proposed scheme offers the advantage of robustness to amplitude fluctuation of the transducer excitation signal.


Emerging Technology
56.2.33    B. K. Bose, "Power Electronics and Motor Drives Recent Progress and Perspective," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 581-588, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Power electronics technology has gone through dynamic evolution in the last four decades. Recently, its applications are fast expanding in industrial, commercial, residential, transportation, utility, aerospace, and military environments primarily due to reduction of cost, size, and improvement of performance. In the global industrial automation, energy conservation, and environmental pollution control trends of the 21st century, the widespread impact of power electronics is inevitable. It appears that the role of power electronics on our society in the future will tend to be as important and versatile as that of information technology today. In this paper, the importance of power electronics will be discussed after a brief historial introduction in the beginning. Then, the recent advances of power semiconductor devices, converters, variable-frequency ac drives, and advanced control and estimation techniques will be reviewed briefly. Unlike a traditional technology survey paper, the number of figures is kept intentionally small in favor of the text within the length constraint of this paper. The prognosis of different areas will be highlighted wherever possible based on the author's own knowledge and experience. In conclusion and future scenario, the trend of power electronics and motor drives along with some possible research and development areas will be highlighted.

56.2.34    P. Marino, F. Poza, M. A. Dominguez, S. Otero, "Electronics in Automotive Engineering: A Top–Down Approach for Implementing Industrial Fieldbus Technologies in City Buses and Coaches," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 589-600, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The electrical circuits and their electronic control units in city buses and coaches are essential for good performance. Drive, braking, suspension, door opening, security, and communication devices must be integrated in a reliable and real-time information system. The industrial communication networks or fieldbuses are a good solution to implement networked control systems for the onboard electronics in the public transport buses and coaches. Also, this trend of automotive electronics is being encouraged in the current European Union Framework Program (FP) (seventh FP), which is devoted to intelligent transportation systems, for facing the world's new challenges in environmental care and efficient fuel consumption among others. The authors are working in the design of multiplexed solutions based on fieldbuses to integrate the body and chassis functions of city public transport buses. An example for the EURO5 model of the Scania manufacturer is reported in this paper.

56.2.35    X. Chen, T. Hisayama, "Erratum to “Adaptive Sliding-Mode Position Control for Piezo-Actuated Stage”," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 601-601, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

56.2.36    "Introducing ieee.tv," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 602-602, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

56.2.37    "Have you visited lately? www.ieee.org," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 603-603, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

56.2.38    "Why we joined," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 604-604, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

56.2.39    "IEEE Industrial Electronics Society Information," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. C3-C3, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

56.2.40    "IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics information for authors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. C4-C4, Feb 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

 IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 

Volume 56,  Number 3, March 2009           Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE     IE Transactions Home Page



56.3.1    "Table of Contents," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. C1-605, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

56.3.2    "IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics publication information," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. C2-C2, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available


Special Section on The 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics.
56.3.3    J. J. Rodrguez-Andina, J. J. Hung, "Guest Editorial," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 606-607, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available


Special Section Papers
56.3.4    K. Bouyoucef, K. Khorasani, "A Robust Distributed Congestion-Control Strategy for Differentiated-Services Network," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 608-617, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, we propose a new robust congestion-control strategy for a differentiated-services (DiffServ) network. A sliding-mode-based variable structure control technique is utilized to design a congestion controller on the basis of a fluid flow model. The performance of our proposed scheme is then demonstrated on a DiffServ network. Our proposed algorithm is developed for an interconnected network as a hop-by-hop distributed-control approach. A formal analysis of the controlled network is conducted, where it is shown that the error dynamics of the overall time-delay-dependent system is ${cal L}_{infty}$ stable. Numerical simulations are provided to demonstrate the capabilities of our proposed methodology.

56.3.5    H. Tanaka, K. Ohnishi, H. Nishi, T. Kawai, Y. Morikawa, S. Ozawa, T. Furukawa, "Implementation of Bilateral Control System Based on Acceleration Control Using FPGA for Multi-DOF Haptic Endoscopic Surgery Robot," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 618-627, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Bilateral control systems are strongly required to apply to endoscopic surgeries. It is necessary that the system has enough degrees of freedom for applying various operation procedures including endoscopic surgery. When the degrees of freedom of the system are increased, the amount of control calculation is also increased, and it is hard to keep sampling periods short. The bilateral control systems, however, require comparatively shorter sampling periods, particularly the control system based on an acceleration control system. Hence, it is a difficult issue to increase the degrees of freedom of the bilateral control system. In this paper, the sampling period is kept short in the multi-degree of freedom system by using field programmable gate arrays as processors. The bilateral control system based on the acceleration control system is implemented in a robot system, which has 12 DOF, and some experimental results are shown, and the errors between the response of the master and slave robots are discussed.

56.3.6    K. Seki, M. Iwasaki, M. Kawafuku, H. Hirai, K. Kishida, "Practical Controller Design of Hybrid Experimental System for Seismic Tests," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 628-634, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A hybrid experimental system is one of the powerful tools to perform various seismic tests for unknown and/or huge structures, where an actuator-excited experimental vibratory system and a computational response analysis are simultaneously combined and implemented. This paper presents a control methodology for high-performance hybrid experimental systems. A 2-DOF control framework is applied from the viewpoint of control techniques, where a feedback compensator is designed according to the system stabilization analysis, and a feedforward (FF) compensator is designed to achieve the desired servocharacteristics. In the FF compensator design, an iterative learning control approach is particularly adopted to eliminate the response delays in the hydraulic actuator. The proposed compensation algorithm has been verified using a laboratory hybrid experimental set up with two-mass structure as a load mechanism.

56.3.7    N. Hirose, M. Iwasaki, M. Kawafuku, H. Hirai, "Initial Value Compensation Using Additional Input for Semi-Closed Control Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 635-641, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a novel initial value compensation (IVC) using an additional input for semi-closed control systems. The authors have already proposed the IVC approach using the additional input for residual vibration suppression in the fast and precise positioning control. In the approach, however, an essential subject has remained, i.e., the positioning control in the load side could not satisfy the required performance because the systems have been constructed under the assumption of a semi-closed control system. An improvement of the control performance in load position, therefore, is discussed in this paper, where the appropriate assignments of poles and zeros in IVC are ensured, considering the transfer functions of position in both sensor and load for the control initial values. The effectiveness of the proposed approach has been verified by numerical simulations and experiments using a prototype.

56.3.8    I. Yaesh, U. Shaked, "Neuro-Adaptive $H_{infty}$ Estimation and Its Application to Improved Tracking in GPS Receivers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 642-647, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A neuro-adaptive scheme is suggested for improving the tracking properties of $H_{infty}$-optimal filters. The design approach is based on embedding the $H_{infty}$-optimal filter within a simplified adaptive control loop that is driven by the innovation process. The stability of the overall estimation scheme is established under strictly passive conditions of a related system. The suggested method is applied to improve the tracking properties of a GPS receiver during user maneuvers.

56.3.9    M. Zamora, H. Wu, M. P. Henry, "An FPGA Implementation of Frequency Output," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 648-653, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Digital frequency input and output (typically in the range 1 Hz to 100 kHz) for data transmission are employed in many industrial applications. This paper provides the following elaborations of the ISIE'07 conference paper. A thorough literature review suggests that previous techniques can be classified into three basic approaches. Theoretical expressions for the errors of each are derived and compared with the new approach developed by the authors. Each method has been implemented in a more recent field programmable gate array architecture (Spartan 3), and the results are consistent with the theoretical values. The new method provides a precision of 6 $times$ 10$^{-6}$ % or better for all frequencies, based on a 40-MHz clock.

56.3.10    E. J. Bueno, Á. Hernandez, F. J. Rodriguez, C. Giron, R. Mateos, S. Cobreces, "A DSP- and FPGA-Based Industrial Control With High-Speed Communication Interfaces for Grid Converters Applied to Distributed Power Generation Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 654-669, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: New energy concepts such as distributed power generation systems (DPGSs) are changing the face of electric distribution and transmission. Power electronics researchers try to apply new electronic controller solutions with the capacity of implementing new and more complex control algorithms combined with internal high-speed communication interfaces. Thus, it is possible to monitor, store, and transfer a large number of internal variables that can be sent online to local or remote hosts in order to take new set points of different generation units. With this objective, this paper presents the design, implementation, and test of an industrial multiprocessor controller based on a floating-point digital signal processor (DSP) and a field-programmable gate array, which operate cooperatively. The communication architecture, which has been added to the proposed electronic solution, consists of a universal serial bus (USB), implemented with a minimum use of the DSP core, and a controller area network (CAN) bus that permits distributed control. Although the proposed system can be readily applied to any DPGS, in this paper, it is focused on a 150-kVA back-to-back three-level neutral-point-clamped voltage source converter for wind turbine applications.

56.3.11    V. F. Corasaniti, M. B. Barbieri, P. L. Arnera, M. I. Valla, "Hybrid Active Filter for Reactive and Harmonics Compensation in a Distribution Network," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 670-677, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The problem of reactive power and harmonics in the medium voltage level of a power distribution system is considered in this paper. Reconfiguration of the power delivery network imposes new constraints in a distribution substation so that the reactive compensation should be increased. The alternative of a shunt hybrid active filter connected to the 13.8-kV level to enhance the power quality is analyzed in this paper. This proposal uses the existing capacitor bank to build a hybrid filter in which the complementary compensation is performed by the active filter. The performance of the hybrid filter is evaluated with extensive simulations considering reactive power, harmonics, and unbalance compensation. It shows very good behavior in steady-state and transient conditions.

56.3.12    E. Clavel, J. Roudet, T. Chevalier, D. M. Postariu, "Modeling of Connections Taking Into Account Return Plane: Application to EMI Modeling for Railway," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 678-684, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The modeling of electrical characteristics of connections is an important stage of the design phase of a structure. Indeed, they have an impact on the current density distributions inside conductors as well as on the current distributions when several components are connected in parallel. In the case of a return plane in the studied structure as for power electronics converters or railway applications, the model of connections has to be improved in order to represent the physics better. For the first application field, the cooling system itself can be a ground plane, and for the second one, the earth has to be modeled. This paper presents different ways to take into account a return plane while modeling the electrical equivalent circuit of connections above it. It starts with the simplest one, the image method, and continues with the use of a complex skin depth result of solving the Carson integral.

56.3.13    C. A. Ramos-Paja, C. Bordons, A. Romero, R. Giral, L. Martinez-Salamero, "Minimum Fuel Consumption Strategy for PEM Fuel Cells," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 685-696, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a proton exchange membrane fuel cell control strategy to produce the power requested by an electrical load, minimizing the fuel consumption and also providing a regulated dc bus voltage to the load. The power system consists of a hybrid fuel cell/capacitor topology, and the control objective is to follow the minimum fuel consumption points for a given load power profile. This is done by controlling the air pump voltage and regulating the fuel cell current through a dc/dc switching converter. Moreover, the design and control parameters of the output dc bus are discussed, and the calculations are adjusted to a Ballard 1.2-kW Nexa power module. Finally, the control results, fuel consumption, and fuel cell protection against oxygen starvation phenomenon are analyzed and experimentally validated, contrasting its performance with the Nexa power module internal control system.

56.3.14    J. L. Sosa, M. Castilla, J. Miret, L. Garcia de Vicuna, J. Matas, "Modeling and Performance Analysis of the DC/DC Series–Parallel Resonant Converter Operating With Discrete Self-Sustained Phase-Shift Modulation Technique," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 697-705, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A dynamic study of the dc/dc series–parallel resonant converter operating with a discrete self-sustained phase-shift modulation technique is presented. The study includes the synthesis of a suitable averaged large-signal dynamic model and the design of a nonlinear feedback controller based in the input–output linearization approach. The proposed controller and modulation type provide some outstanding features: zero-voltage switching operation for the whole load range, narrowed frequency variation range, fast transient response, and robustness in relation to external parameter variations. Experimental and simulation results are reported to validate the theoretical predictions and confirm the superior performance of the nonlinear controller when it is compared with a conventional linear controller.

56.3.15    E. Figueres, G. Garcera, J. Sandia, F. Gonzalez-Espin, J. Calvo Rubio, "Sensitivity Study of the Dynamics of Three-Phase Photovoltaic Inverters With an LCL Grid Filter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 706-717, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: An accurate small-signal model of three-phase photovoltaic (PV) inverters with a high-order grid filter is derived in this paper. The proposed model takes into account the influence of both the inverter operating point and the PV panel characteristics on the inverter dynamic response. A sensitivity study of the control loops to variations of the dc voltage, PV panel transconductance, supplied power, and grid inductance is performed using the proposed small-signal model. Analytical and experimental results carried out on a 100-kW PV inverter are presented.

56.3.16    R. Orletti, M. A. Co, D. S. L. Simonetti, J. L. F. Vieira, "HID Lamp Electronic Ballast With Reduced Component Number," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 718-725, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A reduced-component-number single-stage power-processing electronic ballast to drive high-intensity discharge lamps is presented in this paper. A dc–dc buck converter, which controls the current and the power of the lamp, a power factor preregulator based on a discontinuous conduction mode boost converter, and the inverter are combined in a boost integrated with buck rectifier/energy storage/dc–dc converter. It operates with a line-frequency square-wave current driving the lamp. The signals of the power stages are provided by a dedicated microcontroller. Ballast for sodium vapor lamps of 70 W without acoustic resonance was implemented, resulting in a $pf = 0.97$ with 22% total harmonic distortion and $eta = 84%$.

56.3.17    J. M. Guerrero, J. C. Vasquez, J. Matas, M. Castilla, L. Garcia de Vicuna, "Control Strategy for Flexible Microgrid Based on Parallel Line-Interactive UPS Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 726-736, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, the control strategy for a flexible microgrid is presented. The microgrid presented here consists of several line-interactive uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems connected in parallel. The control technique is based on the droop method to avoid critical communications among UPS units. Thus, a flexible microgrid is obtained to operate in either grid-connected or islanded mode. A small-signal analysis is presented in order to analyze the system stability, which gives rules to design the main control parameters. Simulation and experimental results are presented, showing the feasibility of the proposed controller.

56.3.18    T. Zhou, B. Francois, M. el Hadi Lebbal, S. Lecoeuche, "Real-Time Emulation of a Hydrogen-Production Process for Assessment of an Active Wind-Energy Conversion System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 737-746, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents the real-time emulation of a hydrogen-production process for assessment of an active wind-energy conversion system. The hardware-in-the-loop emulator of the electrolyzer consists of a power-electronic stage and a control stage. In the control board, the algorithmic equations of the electrolyzer modeling and its control should be implemented, as well as the emulator's power converter control. The causal ordering graph is used to model the electrolyzer and its auxiliary equipment. This model is capable of characterizing the relations among the different physical quantities and can be used to design the control system, ensuring an efficient and reliable operation of the electrolyzer. The proposed control method can manage the power and hydrogen flows. The simulation results have highlighted the variation domains and the relations among different physical quantities. The experimental results of the real-time emulation is based on a PHOEBUS advanced alkaline electrolyzer and shows the same electrical characteristics in real time with hardware.

56.3.19    A. Flammini, D. Marioli, E. Sisinni, A. Taroni, "Design and Implementation of a Wireless Fieldbus for Plastic Machineries," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 747-755, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Fieldbus systems are well known in the industrial automation world. Due to the increasing demand for scalability and capability of working in harsh environment, the use of wireless communication is gaining in importance. In the past, some efforts were pursued to encapsulate wired standards over wireless link, but their diffusion is limited by reliability and predictability requirements. In addition, event-driven protocols borrowed from the consumer world (as IEEE802.11 or IEEE802.15.4) are not well suited for some industrial applications. In this paper, authors present the design and the experimental evaluation of a wireless real-time communication protocol that tries to overcome these limits. It exploits standard hardware to lower cost and implements a hybrid medium access strategy. Time Division Multiple Access scheduling is used to ensure time deadlines respect, while Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance is used for acyclic communications, as those involved in network management. It has been successfully adopted for temperature monitoring in plastic machineries. The prototype network adopts star topology and can manage up to 16 nodes with a refresh time of 128 ms.

56.3.20    M. J. Ferreira, C. Santos, J. Monteiro, "Cork Parquet Quality Control Vision System Based on Texture Segmentation and Fuzzy Grammar," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 756-765, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a quality control vision system developed for the inspection of cork parquets that is already applied in the Portuguese cork industry. It is devoted specifically to the most critical quality issues: visibility of the lowest layer (BASE) on the noble layer ( UPPER) and the homogeneity of this noble layer. Since these aspects are related with the texture of the raw material, the system was based on texture segmentation techniques. Features used were extracted from detail images of the wavelet transform. The classifier consists of a fuzzy grammar inference system. The segmentation procedure revealed a good performance indicated by high classification rates. Behavior in the industrial environment has been demonstrating high performance, revealing good perspectives for full spread industrialization.

56.3.21    J. Gamez Garcia, J. Gomez Ortega, A. Sanchez Garcia, S. Satorres Martinez, "Robotic Software Architecture for Multisensor Fusion System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 766-777, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: As robotic systems are becoming more complex, distributed, and integrated, there is the need to build sophisticated frameworks to embody intelligence in the robot. This paper presents a component-based software architecture for the integration of industrial robotic platforms with multisensor systems where data fusion is relevant. The architecture is based on an open software robotic platform that is able to fulfill capabilities such as openness, interoperability, adaptability, and modularity, with the addition of hardware in the loop simulator. The resulting robot platform permits easy implementation of model- and sensor-based control concepts, proving to be interesting for robotics research. In addition, it allows the integration of standard industrial components. The entire system has been successfully developed, implemented, and demonstrated for robotic tasks, where multiple and different sensors are required.


Single-Phase Electronics
56.3.22    K. Sundareswaran, V. T. Sreedevi, "Boost Converter Controller Design Using Queen-Bee-Assisted GA," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 778-783, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: We propose a new method of controller design for a boost converter in this paper. An optimization model for the controller design is developed, and solution is sought through a novel optimization algorithm which combines standard Genetic Algorithm (GA) with evolution of a queen bee in a hive. Computed and measured results suggest that the new algorithm converges to the best designs on a limited number of iterations.

56.3.23    K. Zhou, D. Wang, B. Zhang, Y. Wang, "Plug-In Dual-Mode-Structure Repetitive Controller for CVCF PWM Inverters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 784-791, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Repetitive control (RC) is found to be a high-performance control scheme for constant-voltage constant-frequency (CVCF) pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) converters to eliminate output total harmonic distortion. In this paper, a dual-mode-structure RC (DMRC) is proposed to further improve the control performance of RC. The proposed DMRC controller comprises of two paralleled periodic signal generators: an odd-harmonic one and an even-harmonic one. Without additional complexity and loss of tracking accuracy, DMRC can achieve a faster error convergence rate than the conventional RC does. Moreover, the tracking accuracy of DMRC is higher than that of odd-harmonic RC. In the presence of nonlinear load disturbances and parameter uncertainties, an application example of a DMRC-controlled single-phase PWM inverter is provided to evaluate the proposed DMRC scheme. Systematical experimental results show the effectiveness and superior advantages of the DMRC approach.


Multiphase Systems
56.3.24    Ó. Lopez, J. Alvarez, J. Doval-Gandoy, F. D. Freijedo, "Multilevel Multiphase Space Vector PWM Algorithm With Switching State Redundancy," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 792-804, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Multilevel multiphase technology combines the benefits of multilevel converters and multiphase machines. Nevertheless, new modulation techniques must be developed to take advantage of multilevel multiphase converters. In this paper, a new space vector pulsewidth modulation algorithm for multilevel multiphase voltage source converters with switching state redundancy is introduced. As in three-phase converters, the switching state redundancy permits to achieve different goals like extending the modulation index and reducing the number of switchings. This new algorithm can be applied to the most usual multilevel topologies; it has low computational complexity, and it is suitable for hardware implementations. Finally, the algorithm was implemented in a field-programmable gate array, and it was tested by using a five-level five-phase inverter feeding a motor.

56.3.25    H. Bai, Z. Zhao, C. Mi, "Framework and Research Methodology of Short-Timescale Pulsed Power Phenomena in High-Voltage and High-Power Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 805-816, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Various short-timescale transients exist in power electronic converters, particularly in high-voltage and high-power systems. The timescales of these transients are from nanoseconds to microseconds, including a switching transition of power semiconductor devices, commutating processes, and drive signal transmissions. These transient processes directly affect the performance and reliability of power electronic systems. Therefore, it is necessary to study these short-timescale processes. Based on two high-power prototype power converters, a 6000-V/1250-kW three-level adjustable-speed drive and a 10-kW/600-V dc–dc converter, this paper studies the various abnormal behaviors of the converters that occurred during the operation of these converters. Dead bands and accumulated switching errors are also investigated. A combined microscopic pulsed power and macroscopic control strategy was proposed for the design of power electronic converters. Three new concepts for power electronic converters are introduced and validated in this paper: 1) sneak pulse; 2) energy dead band; and 3) transient commutating topology.


Renewable Energy Systems
56.3.26    E. Echenique, J. Dixon, R. Cardenas, R. Pena, "Sensorless Control for a Switched Reluctance Wind Generator, Based on Current Slopes and Neural Networks," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 817-825, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, the analysis, design, and implementation of a novel rotor position estimator for the control of variable-speed switched reluctance generators (SRGs) are presented. The rotor position is obtained using the unsaturated instantaneous inductance. This unsaturated inductance is estimated calculating the slope of the phase current and using a reduced-size neural network (NN) whose inputs are the average current and the saturated inductance. The proposed estimator requires less processing time than traditional methods and can be fully implemented using a low-cost DSP with very few additional analog/digital components. The rotor position estimator presented in this paper can be applied to a wind energy conversion system where the SRG is used as a variable-speed generator. This application is currently being studied because the SRG has well-known advantages such as robustness, low manufacturing cost, and good size-to-power ratio. Simulation and experimental results are presented using a 2.5-kW 8/6-SRG prototype.

56.3.27    J.-M. Kwon, E.-H. Kim, B.-H. Kwon, K.-H. Nam, "High-Efficiency Fuel Cell Power Conditioning System With Input Current Ripple Reduction," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 826-834, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A high-efficiency fuel cell power conditioning system with input current ripple reduction is proposed. The proposed system consists of a high-efficiency high-step-up current-fed resonant push–pull converter and a full-bridge inverter. The converter conserves inherent advantages of a conventional current-fed push–pull converter such as low input-current stress and high voltage conversion ratio. Also, a voltage-doubler rectifier is employed in order to remove the reverse-recovery problem of the output rectifying diodes and provide much higher voltage conversion ratio. The current ripple reduction control without an external component is suggested. Therefore, the proposed system operates in a wide input-voltage range with a high efficiency. By using a current-ripple reduction control, the input current ripple is furthermore reduced. A 1.5-kW prototype is implemented with input-voltage range from 30 to 70 V. Experimental results show that minimum efficiency at full load is about 92.5% and that ripple current is less than 2% of the rated input current.


Robotics and Mechatronics
56.3.28    K. Erbatur, O. Kurt, "Natural ZMP Trajectories for Biped Robot Reference Generation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 835-845, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The control of a biped humanoid is a challenging task due to the hard-to-stabilize dynamics. Walking reference trajectory generation is a key problem. Linear Inverted Pendulum Model (LIPM) and Zero Moment Point (ZMP) Criterion-based approaches in stable walking reference generation are reported. In these methods, generally, the ZMP reference during a stepping motion is kept fixed in the middle of the supporting foot sole. This kind of reference generation lacks naturalness, in that the ZMP in the human walk does not stay fixed, but it moves forward under the supporting foot. This paper proposes a reference generation algorithm based on the LIPM and moving support foot ZMP references. The application of Fourier series approximation simplifies the solution, and it generates a smooth ZMP reference. A simple inverse kinematics-based joint space controller is used for the tests of the developed reference trajectory through full-dynamics 3-D simulation. A 12-DOF biped robot model is used in the simulations. Simulation studies suggest that the moving ZMP references are more energy efficient than the ones with fixed ZMP under the supporting foot. The results are promising for implementations.

56.3.29    C.-L. Hwang, C.-Y. Shih, "A Distributed Active-Vision Network-Space Approach for the Navigation of a Car-Like Wheeled Robot," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 846-855, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The navigation for a car-like wheeled robot (CLWR) in a distributed active-vision network-space system (DAVNSS) subject to three fuzzy variable-structure decentralized controls (FVSDCs) is developed. The scheme also includes trajectory tracking and obstacle avoidance. Two distributed wireless charge-coupled-device (CCD) cameras individually driven by two stepping motors, viz., active CCD1 and active CCD2 (or simply ACCD1 and ACCD2), are constructed to capture the dynamic pose of the CLWR and the obstacle. The proposed control system includes quad processors with multiple sampling rates. First, a personal computer (PC) is employed to receive the image of the CLWR or obstacle from ACCD1 or ACCD2 by a wireless transmitter and then to plan three reference commands for CLWR, ACCD1, and ACCD2. Next, a six-step image-processing routine and the calibration between the world coordinate and the image plane coordinate using multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) are established. Finally, experiments are performed to validate the proposed control system.

56.3.30    J. U. Cho, Q. N. Le, J. W. Jeon, "An FPGA-Based Multiple-Axis Motion Control Chip," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 856-870, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents the design and implementation of a multiple-axis motion control chip using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). This multiple-axis motion control chip is designed to control a multiple-axis motion system such as a robotic arm manipulator or a computer numerical control machine. The proposed motion control chip has many functions. These include velocity profile generation, interpolation calculation, inverse kinematics calculation, proportional–integral–derivative control, feedback count, pulse integration, data conversion, clock generation, and external interfacing. These functions are designed using the VHSIC hardware description language and implemented on an FPGA according to the electronic design automation design methodology. This allows for a highly sampled, accurate, flexible, compact, low-power, and low-cost motion control system. The detailed design of the proposed motion control chip is presented. A multiple-axis motion control system using this chip is implemented, and its performance is measured. The multiple-axis motion control system is implemented on a platform consisting of a chip-based multiple-axis motion controller, analog ac servo drivers, a selective compliant assembly robot arm robot, and a host personal computer.


Motors and Actuators
56.3.31    A. Boglietti, A. Cavagnino, D. Staton, M. Shanel, M. Mueller, C. Mejuto, "Evolution and Modern Approaches for Thermal Analysis of Electrical Machines," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 871-882, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, the authors present an extended survey on the evolution and the modern approaches in the thermal analysis of electrical machines. The improvements and the new techniques proposed in the last decade are analyzed in depth and compared in order to highlight the qualities and defects of each. In particular, thermal analysis based on lumped-parameter thermal network, finite-element analysis, and computational fluid dynamics are considered in this paper. In addition, an overview of the problems linked to the thermal parameter determination and computation is proposed and discussed. Taking into account the aims of this paper, a detailed list of books and papers is reported in the references to help researchers interested in these topics.


Drive Control
56.3.32    X. Yuan, Y. Wang, "A Novel Electronic-Throttle-Valve Controller Based on Approximate Model Method," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 883-890, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: An electronic throttle is a dc servo drive which positions the throttle plate, thus providing drive-by-wire control of engine torque. In this paper, an approximate model-based robust nonlinear control (AMRNC) strategy is proposed for electronic throttle valve. The AMRNC includes two main parts: approximate model controller and uncertainty compensation. The approximate model controller, utilized as a feedforward controller, is developed from a linearization of the input–output model of the plant using Taylor expansion technique, and it is implemented using fuzzy system modeling. Moreover, a robustness filter in the feedback structure is employed as uncertainty compensation. The robust stability is established by Lyapunov stability theorem. A Simulation and an experiment are provided to verify the effectiveness of the AMRNC strategy.


Diagnosis and Monitoring
56.3.33    X. Chen, "Real Wavelet Transform-Based Phase Information Extraction Method: Theory and Demonstrations," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 891-899, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Complex wavelet transform (CoWT)-based phase information (PI) extraction methods are popular. None of them is simultaneously simple, fast, and nonredundant. Real discrete wavelet transform (RDWT) is simple, fast, and nonredundant, but it is usually regarded to be lacking PI. After finding out that RDWT conserves the PI of an analyzed signal, this paper proposed three RDWT-based PI extraction methods and proved that RDWT-based PI extraction methods are equal to CoWT-based ones from the mathematical point of view. Therefore, RDWT-based methods not only can extract PI but also can inherit all merits of RDWT. This paper further presented a quadrature procedure to extract the actual phase of single-frequency or asymptotic signals. Test examples demonstrated that the extracted PI by using the CoWT- and RDWT-based methods is almost the same, and the extracted phase curves by using the RDWT-based quadrature method are really the actual ones. Some engineering applications of the proposed method are discussed, and the PI extraction programs of the method are given.


Emerging Technology
56.3.34    J. Han, "From PID to Active Disturbance Rejection Control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 900-906, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) can be summarized as follows: it inherits from proportional–integral–derivative (PID) the quality that makes it such a success: the error driven, rather than model-based, control law; it takes from modern control theory its best offering: the state observer; it embraces the power of nonlinear feedback and puts it to full use; it is a useful digital control technology developed out of an experimental platform rooted in computer simulations. ADRC is made possible only when control is taken as an experimental science, instead of a mathematical one. It is motivated by the ever increasing demands from industry that requires the control technology to move beyond PID, which has dominated the practice for over 80 years. Specifically, there are four areas of weakness in PID that we strive to address: 1) the error computation; 2) noise degradation in the derivative control; 3) oversimplification and the loss of performance in the control law in the form of a linear weighted sum; and 4) complications brought by the integral control. Correspondingly, we propose four distinct measures: 1) a simple differential equation as a transient trajectory generator; 2) a noise-tolerant tracking differentiator; 3) the nonlinear control laws; and 4) the concept and method of total disturbance estimation and rejection. Together, they form a new set of tools and a new way of control design. Times and again in experiments and on factory floors, ADRC proves to be a capable replacement of PID with unmistakable advantage in performance and practicality, providing solutions to pressing engineering problems of today. With the new outlook and possibilities that ADRC represents, we further believe that control engineering may very well break the hold of classical PID and enter a new era, an era that brings back the spirit of innovations.

56.3.35    "Scitopia.org," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 907-907, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

56.3.36    "Access over 1 million articles-the IEEE Digital Library," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 908-908, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

56.3.37    "IEEE Industrial Electronics Society Information," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. C3-C3, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

56.3.38    "IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics information for authors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. C4-C4, March 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

 IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 

Volume 56,  Number 4, April 2009           Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE     IE Transactions Home Page



56.4.1    "Table of Contents," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. C1-910, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

56.4.2    "IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics publication information," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. C2-C2, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available


Special Section on Advances in Micro-Electromechanical Systems
56.4.3    "Guest Editorial," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 911-912, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available


Special Section Papers

56.4.4    R. DeanJr., A. Luque, "Applications of Microelectromechanical Systems in Industrial Processes and Services," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 913-925, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a review of the current and future applications of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) in the industrial sector. A historical perspective of the origin and development of MEMS is presented, as well as the traditional and innovative fabrication techniques. The process flow of computer-aided design and simulation is also discussed. After that, several of the most important applications of microsystems in the manufacturing and production sectors are enumerated and described. Two case examples are discussed in depth: gyroscopes for the measurement of angular movement, where the basic laws are provided, and a thorough review of existing devices is presented; and particle production devices for the generation of micrometer-sized droplets, where the two most common techniques are compared, along with the challenges that remain open. Finally, some conclusions and perspectives for the future are presented and discussed.

56.4.5    H.-M. Yeh, K.-S. Chen, "Development of a Digital-Convolution-Based Process Emulator for Three-Dimensional Microstructure Fabrication Using Electron-Beam Lithography," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 926-936, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Although electron-beam lithography has been demonstrated to be feasible in creating 3-D micropolymer structures, the proximity effect due to forward and backward scatterings usually makes it difficult to precisely determine the distribution of electron irradiation. The process design for creating the desired shape still largely depends on a trial-and-error basis. Therefore, in order to reduce the cost and to accelerate product development, it is important to utilize computer-aided design tools. A method, called as element growth method, which is based on digital convolution approach, is developed and presented under an OpenGL environment to reduce the cost and the developmental period for fabrication. By using such a convolution approach, this emulator converts the processing parameters into a final spatial-dosage distribution and subsequently into the final geometry of structures. In addition, a physically based kernel function is also proposed and used. Examples of 3-D microstructures such as the microlens are presented. By these tools, it is possible to provide guidelines for optimizing the fabrication process and to reduce the cost for the related e-beam lithography-based 3-D fabrication.

56.4.6    Z. Fan, J. Liu, T. Sorensen, P. Wang, "Improved Differential Evolution Based on Stochastic Ranking for Robust Layout Synthesis of MEMS Components," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 937-948, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper introduces an improved differential evolution (DE) algorithm for robust layout synthesis of microelectromechanical system components subject to inherent geometric uncertainties. A case study of the layout synthesis of a comb-driven microresonator shows that the approach proposed in this paper can lead to design results that meet the target performance and are less sensitive to geometric uncertainties than the typical designs. It is also demonstrated that the algorithm proposed in this paper cannot only obtain better results than the standard DE algorithm but also outperform some other state-of-the-art algorithms in constrained optimization.

56.4.7    C. Wen, C. Zhu, Y. Ju, Y. Qiu, H. Xu, W. Lu, "Optimal Frequency Band Design Scheme of Dyadic Wavelet Processor Array Using Surface Acoustic Wave Devices," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 949-955, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, the relationship between the center frequency and radius of bandwidth and its effect on the frequency band characteristics of dyadic wavelet processor array using surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices are studied, and an optimal frequency band design scheme is proposed. For an arbitrary scale wavelet processor, we proposed that the center frequency is defined to three times of the radius of frequency bandwidth. The frequency band design scheme ensures that the frequency band coverage factor is equal to 100% at $-$3 dB, which avoid the signal loss caused by the discrete frequency band and the device waste caused by the redundant frequency band. With the frequency band design scheme, an experiment of implementing a dyadic wavelet processor array using SAW devices with five scales is presented. Experimental results confirm that the frequency band coverage factor equals 100% at $-$3 dB without discrete and redundant frequency band.

56.4.8    L. Dong, D. Avanesian, "Drive-Mode Control for Vibrational MEMS Gyroscopes," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 956-963, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a novel design methodology and hardware implementation for the drive-mode control of vibrational micro-electro-mechanical systems gyroscopes. Assuming that the sense mode (axis) of the gyroscope is operating under open loop, the drive-mode controller compensates an undesirable mechanical spring-coupling term between the two vibrating modes, attenuates the effect of mechanical–thermal noise, and most importantly, forces the output of the drive mode to oscillate along a desired trajectory. The stability and robustness of the control system are successfully justified through frequency-domain analysis. The tracking error between the real output and the reference signal for the drive mode is proved to be converging with the increase of the bandwidth of the controller. The controller is first simulated and then implemented using field-programmable analog array circuits on a vibrational piezoelectric beam gyroscope. The simulation and experimental results verified the effectiveness of the controller.

56.4.9    J.-Y. Chen, J.-B. Zhou, G. Meng, W.-M. Zhang, "Evaluation of Eddy-Current Effects on Diamagnetic Bearings for Microsystems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 964-972, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Diamagnetic materials could be utilized with permanent magnets to offer a simple passive solution to microbearings as a result of scale reduction. In this paper, we investigate the eddy-current effect on the performance of diamagnetic bearings. Due to the good electrical conductivity of some of diamagnetic materials or the intentionally introduced eddy-current damper for vibration control, eddy current could be induced in the diamagnetic bearing with viscous forces opposing the relative motion between the rotor and the stator. Such damping mechanism is analyzed with a thin-sheet model and the image method and compared with that due to aerodynamic effects so as to give an idea of its significance at the microscale. Following the calculation, extracted damping coefficients are employed in a rotordynamic model to investigate their influence on dynamic behaviors of the bearing. Results indicated that damping provided by eddy-current effects has pros and cons for the performance of the diamagnetic bearing which involves rotational motion. Finally, rundown characteristics of the bearing are evaluated, and the implication for operation scheme is discussed.

56.4.10    A. Izadian, P. Khayyer, P. Famouri, "Fault Diagnosis of Time-Varying Parameter Systems With Application in MEMS LCRs," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 973-978, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Multiple-model adaptive estimation (MMAE) is a well-known technique used for model matching of deterministic parameter systems. This technique can be used in fault diagnosis by allocating a model to each type of fault. In each contingency, the model that represents the behavior of the actual system can indicate the type of fault occurrence. Kalman filters are generally used in modeling and residual-signal generation of time-invariant systems. Slowly time-varying parameter systems, however, require a system identification unit in addition to the model-matching core. This paper utilizes the least square forgetting-factor technique in parameter identification of slowly time-varying systems and combines it with MMAE for fault-diagnosis applications in microelectromechanical-systems (MEMS) lateral comb resonators (LCRs). Prescheduled faults were designed for simulations and experimentally examined in real-time implementations of estimation-based diagnosis technique for two fabricated MEMS LCRs. It is shown that the application of a system identification unit significantly increases the performance of the fault diagnosis in MEMS devices.

56.4.11    B. Jang, A. Hassibi, "Biosensor Systems in Standard CMOS Processes: Fact or Fiction?," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 979-985, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, we discuss the advantages and limitations of using standard complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) fabrication processes for the design of integrated affinity-based biosensor systems. In particular, we examine the compatibility of CMOS with various assaying techniques, detection modalities, and the possibility of fabricating their transducer structures on-chip.

56.4.12    L. Li, D. Uttamchandani, "Flip-Chip Distributed MEMS Transmission Lines (DMTLs) for Biosensing Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 986-990, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Design and characterization of a flip-chip distributed MEMS transmission line (DMTL) are presented. The concept of using this DMTL as a biosensor is then introduced. Radio frequency experiments on the DMTL loaded with “biosamples” have been conducted using the most accessible materials, namely, deionized water and aqueous solutions of salts. Results show that the reflection coefficient $(S_{11})$ of the solution-loaded DMTL is very sensitive to the salt concentration of the solution in the low-frequency ranges of 10 MHz–1 GHz and 3–4.5 GHz. At high frequencies, the relative dielectric constant of the biosample can also be quantitatively determined from the impedance of the DMTL.

56.4.13    K. Takahashi, E. Bulgan, Y. Kanamori, K. Hane, "Submicrometer Comb-Drive Actuators Fabricated on Thin Single Crystalline Silicon Layer," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 991-995, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Electrostatic comb-drive microactuators were fabricated by electron beam lithography on a 260-nm-thick silicon layer of a silicon-on-insulator wafer. The actuators consisted of comb electrodes, springs, and a frame. Two kinds of microactuators with doubly clamped and double-folded springs were designed and fabricated. The comb electrode was as small as 2.5 $muhbox{m}$ wide and 8 $muhbox{m}$ long and was composed of 250-nm-wide, 260-nm-thick, and 2-$muhbox{m}$-long fingers. The air gap between the fingers was 350 nm. The spring was 250 nm wide, 260 nm thick, and 17.5 $muhbox{m}$ long, and the spring constant was 0.11 N/m. The force and displacement generated by the microactuator were $2.3 times 10^{-7} hbox{N}$ and 1.0 $muhbox{m}$, respectively. Applying an ac voltage, the oscillation amplitude became maximum at a frequency of 132 kHz. The mechanical and electrical characteristics of the fabricated actuators were investigated quantitatively.

56.4.14    T. Chen, L. Chen, L. Sun, X. Li, "Design and Fabrication of a Four-Arm-Structure MEMS Gripper," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 996-1004, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper is focused on the design and fabrication of a four-arm-structure microelectromechanical systems gripper integrated with sidewall piezoresistive force sensors. Surface and bulk micromachining technologies are employed to fabricate the microgripper from a single-crystal silicon wafer (i.e., no silicon-on-insulator wafer is used). A vertical sidewall surface piezoresistor etching technique is used to form the side direction force sensors. The end effector of this gripper is a four-arm structure: two fixed cantilever arms integrated with piezoresistive sensors are designed to sense the gripping force. The resolution of the force sensor is in the micronewton range and, therefore, provides feedback of the forces that dominate the micromanipulation processes. An electrostatically driven microactuator is designed to provide the force to operate the other two movable arms. In this way, it creates a deflection of 25 $muhbox{m}$ at the arm tip, and the range of the operation is 30–130 $muhbox{m}$. Experimental results show that it can successfully provide force sensing and play a main role in preventing the damage of microparts in micromanipulation and microassembly tasks.

56.4.15    W. Choi, M. Akbarian, V. Rubtsov, C.-J. Kim, "Microhand With Internal Visual System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1005-1011, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A pneumatically operated four-fingered micromanipulator (a “microhand”) with a fiber-based internal visual system is developed using microelectromechanical systems fabrication techniques. This “seeing” microhand transfers images generated by the optical system equipped at the palm of the microhand to an operator via an optical fiber bundle to provide the shape and distal information of objects of interest. The use of illuminating fibers along with the optical bundle enables the microhand's operation even in light-deficient environments. Such visual information informs the accurate relative location of the device and the status of manipulation to the operator in real time, who will take subsequent actions accordingly with an increased accuracy and efficiency. Embedding the fiber-based optical system inside the manipulator, instead of using an external camera setup for overall system monitoring, greatly reduces the size of the manipulator and helps increase maneuverability, particularly when operating in a space-limited work area. Tests have been conducted to verify the performance of the visually aided microhand to manipulate millimeter-sized objects in real time. Building on the ability of the UCLA microhand to gently handle irregular-shaped objects, this vision-enabled microhand is expected to provide more accurate manipulations and widen the window of applications.

56.4.16    M. M. Shalaby, Z. Wang, L. L.-W. Chow, B. D. Jensen, J. L. Volakis, K. Kurabayashi, K. Saitou, "Robust Design of RF-MEMS Cantilever Switches Using Contact Physics Modeling," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1012-1021, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents the robust design optimization of an RF-MEMS direct contact cantilever switch for minimum actuation voltage and opening time, and maximum power handling capability. The design variables are the length and thickness of the entire cantilever, the widths of the sections of the cantilever, and the dimple size. The actuation voltage is obtained using a 3-D structural-electrostatic finite-element method (FEM) model, and the opening time is obtained using the same FEM model and the experimental model of adhesion at the contact surfaces developed in our previous work. The model accounts for an unpredictable variance in the contact resistance resulting from the micromachining process for the estimation of the power handling. This is achieved by taking the ratio of the root mean square power of the RF current (“signal”) passing through the switch to the contact temperature (“noise”) resulting from the possible range of the contact resistance. The resulting robust optimization problem is solved using a Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm, to obtain design alternatives exhibiting different tradeoffs among the three objectives. The results show that there exists substantial room for improved designs of RF-MEMS direct-contact switches. It also provides a better understanding of the key factors contributing to the performances of RF-MEMS switches. Most importantly, it provides guidance for further improvements of RF-MEMS switches that exploit complex multiphysics phenomena.

56.4.17    M. M. Shalaby, M. A. Abdelmoneum, K. Saitou, "Design of Spring Coupling for High-$Q$ High-Frequency MEMS Filters for Wireless Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1022-1030, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A second-order microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) filter with high selectivity and sharp rolloff is required in wireless transceivers used in dense wireless sensor networks (WSNs). These sensors are expected to replace existing wired sensors used in industrial-plant management and environmental monitoring. These filters, together with MEMS-based oscillators and mixers, are expected to replace off-chip components and enable the development of a single-chip transceiver. Such a transceiver will leverage the integrated MEMS components' characteristics to operate at lower power and, hence, longer battery life, making autonomous WSNs more feasible in a wider range of applications. As a result, this paper presents the design and optimization of the coupling beam of wineglass-mode micromechanical disk filters using simulated annealing. The filter under consideration consists of two identical wineglass-mode disk resonators, mechanically coupled by a flexural-mode beam. The coupled two-resonator system exhibits two mechanical-resonance modes with closely spaced frequencies that define the filter passband. A constraint is added on the beam length to eliminate the effect of the coupling-beam mass on the filter's resonant frequency. A new process flow is proposed to realize self-aligned overhanging coupling beams designed in this paper.

56.4.18    J.-Y. Choi, J. Ruan, F. Coccetti, S. Lucyszyn, "Three-Dimensional RF MEMS Switch for Power Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1031-1039, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper introduces a new concept in 3-D RF microelectromechanical systems switches intended for power applications. The novel switch architecture employs electrothermal hydraulic microactuators to provide mechanical actuation and 3-D out-of-plane silicon cantilevers that have both spring action and latching mechanisms. This facilitates an off-state gap separation distance of 200 $muhbox{m}$ between ohmic contacts, without the need for any hold power. Having a simple assembly, many of the inherent problems associated with the more traditional suspension-bridge and cantilever-type-beam architectures can be overcome. A single-pole single-throw switch has been investigated, and its measured on-state insertion and return losses are less than 0.3 dB up to 10 GHz and greater than 15 dB up to 12 GHz, respectively, while the off-state isolation is better than 30 dB up to 12 GHz. The switch works well in both hot- and cold-switching modes, with 4.6 W of RF power at 10 GHz and without any signs of degradation to the ohmic contacts.

56.4.19    B.-H. Jang, H.-Y. Huang, W. Fang, "A Novel Zero-Insertion-Force (ZIF) Micro $(mu)$ -Connector: Design, Fabrication, and Measurements," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1040-1047, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents the design, fabrication, and measured properties of a novel zero-insertion-force (ZIF) micro $(mu)$-connector. The proposed ZIF $mu$-connector is shown to remedy a number of problems in the existing microelectromechanical-system-based connectors, such as the wearing effect, the poor signal integrity for high-speed signal transmission, and the lack of latch design. The three-mask and silicon-on-insulator wafers are designed for the simultaneous fabrication of terminals and latches. Prototype connectors are demonstrated with five 1800-${rm mu}hbox{m}$-long, 100- ${rm mu}hbox{m}$-wide, and 2-${rm mu}hbox{m}$ -high terminals on a 150-${rm mu}hbox{m}$ pitch. The terminals and latches are actuated by electrostatic force to avoid the wearing and kinking during the mating process. The terminal is a multimorph cantilever to form a hooklike out-of-plane shape. The controlled shape of the terminal provides a reliable contact at the interface. The properties of the proposed ZIF $mu$-connector are measured and analyzed, including the out-of-plane shape of the terminal, driving voltage, dc contact resistance, and the RF characteristics. The potential applications of the ZIF $mu$-connector include the fine-pitch high-speed interconnection, 3-D reworkable packaging, and the performance enhancement of many existing $mu$-connectors.

56.4.20    L. Garbuio, M. Lallart, D. Guyomar, C. Richard, D. Audigier, "Mechanical Energy Harvester With Ultralow Threshold Rectification Based on SSHI Nonlinear Technique," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1048-1056, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Harvesting energy from ambient sources has become of great importance these last few years. This can be explained not only by advances in microlectronics and energy harvesting technologies, but also by a growing industrial demand in wireless autonomous devices. In this field, piezoelectric elements offer outstanding performances, thanks to their high power density that makes them suitable for integrated microgenerators. However, such a domain still offers challenges to the research community. Particularly, embedding piezoelectric inserts as MEMS components raises the issue of low voltage output. Classical energy harvesting interfaces that feature bridge rectifier suffer from threshold voltage introduced by such discrete components, therefore compromising their use in real-life applications. In this paper is presented a new energy harvesting circuit that operates with ultralow voltage output, by the use of a magnetic voltage rectifier that does not present significant voltage gap. Experimental measurements performed on a simple transducer confirm theoretical predictions, and show that the proposed architecture operates well even for low-level vibrations, outperforming all known energy interfaces. Particularly, it is theoretically and experimentally shown that such an interface provides a gain greater than 50 compared to classical energy harvesting structures.

56.4.21    C.-D. Liao, J.-C. Tsai, "The Evolution of MEMS Displays," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1057-1065, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Due to the advancement of microoptoelectromechanical systems and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technologies, novel display architectures have emerged. One of the most successful and well-known examples is the Digital Micromirror Device from Texas Instruments, a 2-D array of bistable MEMS mirrors, which function as spatial light modulators for the projection display. This concept of employing an array of modulators is also seen in the grating light valve and the interferometric modulator display, where the modulation mechanism is based on optical diffraction and interference, respectively. Along with this trend comes the laser scanning display, which requires a single scanning device with a large scan angle and a high scan frequency. A special example in this category is the retinal scanning display, which is a head-up wearable module that laser-scans the image directly onto the retina. MEMS technologies are also found in other display-related research, such as stereoscopic (3-D) displays and plastic thin-film displays.

56.4.22    R. Smith, D. R. Sparks, D. Riley, N. Najafi, "A MEMS-Based Coriolis Mass Flow Sensor for Industrial Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1066-1071, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A microfluidic Coriolis mass flow sensor is discussed. The micromachined flow sensors are made using silicon tubes bonded onto a metallized glass substrate. True mass flow rates with an accuracy of better than $pm$0.5% were measured between 1 and 500 g/h. The sensor also provides a temperature and density output. The sensor output was resistant to pressure, temperature, vibration, fluid density, and viscosity. Unlike conventional steel Coriolis mass flowmeters, microelectromechanical-systems-based sensors are immune to external vibration. Applications for these low-flow-rate devices include chemical mixing, additives, biotechnology, chromatography, pharmaceutical development, and other areas where extremely small volumes of liquids are mixed, studied, or metered and where shock and vibration are encountered.

56.4.23    Y. Yu, J. Ou, J. Zhang, C. Zhang, L. Li, "Development of Wireless MEMS Inclination Sensor System for Swing Monitoring of Large-Scale Hook Structures," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1072-1078, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A modular wireless microelectromechanical system (MEMS) inclination sensor system (WMISS) is developed and tested for providing structural health monitoring of large-scale hook structures. The operating principle of a 3-D-MEMS-based dual-axis inclinometer is analyzed. A wireless MEMS sensor is integrated using sensing disposal, wireless communication, and power units. The WMISS is calibrated by using a laser displacement sensor in a pendular structure. The maximal error of the wireless MEMS inclination sensor is about 1%. The resolution is $pm 0.0025^{circ}$. With the new-type tuned mass damper control module, an experiment on a WMISS for the swing monitoring of a Lanjiang hook model is developed. Experimental results indicate that the developed WMISS is highly precise, convenient, stable, and low cost and has long range, and thus, a WMISS can accurately and conveniently monitor the swing of a Lanjiang hook model.

56.4.24    B.-H. Kim, J.-B. Kim, J.-H. Kim, "A Highly Manufacturable Large Area Array MEMS Probe Card Using Electroplating and Flipchip Bonding," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1079-1085, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A highly manufacturable microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) probe card was developed by using flipchip bonding technology, which is applicable to large area array bonding ranging from 2- to 8-in substrates. A cantilever-type probe structure for an actual device was electroplated with nickel–cobalt and was bonded with nickel bump, which anchored on the ceramic substrate. Gold–tin (AuSn) was used as the material of flipchip bonding between the cantilever beam and bump. Flipchip bonding itself is not a new technology, but combining it with a MEMS probe card is a novel technique in large area bonding because of the high reflow temperature (280 $^{circ}hbox{C}$, $ hbox{Au}_{80}hbox{Sn}_{20}$). Various parallelism bonding processes were used to find the best bonding method. The MEMS probe card was designed to achieve a deflection of 50 $ muhbox{m}$ when 2 gram force (gf) was applied and to keep elasticity up to a deflection of 150 $muhbox{m}$. The specification of the probe card was for actual 12-in dynamic random access memory testing. The measured average contact force was 2.04 gf at a 50- $muhbox{m}$ overdrive. In addition, mechanical and electrical characteristics were also suitable for the actual device test.

56.4.25    J. Wang, Z. Tang, J. Li, F. Zhang, "A MicroPirani Pressure Sensor Based on the Tungsten Microhotplate in a Standard CMOS Process," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1086-1091, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper reports a tungsten microhotplate fabricated in a standard CMOS process and the implementation of a MicroPirani pressure sensor with it. A monolithic constant-current circuit including an operational amplifier is used to bias the tungsten microhotplate to measure the gas pressure. The sensor shows a linear response to the gas pressure in the range of 1–100 Pa when driven by a constant current of 7 mA. In this regime, the sensitivity of the sensor is 0.23 mV/Pa, the linearity is 4.95%, and the hysteresis is 8.69%. The MicroPirani pressure sensor in this paper can be used in a medium-vacuum measurement. Because tungsten in a standard CMOS process has a large temperature coefficient regardless of the different manufacturing processes, the design of the tungsten microhotplate can be applied to other thermal-based sensors, even in different standard CMOS processes.

56.4.26    D. E. Mouzakis, D. Dimogianopoulos, D. Giannikas, "Contact-Free Magnetoelastic Smart Microsensors With Stochastic Noise Filtering for Diagnosing Orthopedic Implant Failures," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1092-1100, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A novel contact-free magnetoelastic microsensor for diagnosing failing orthopedic implants is introduced. It uses an implant-embedded 30-$muhbox{m}$-thick MetGlas-2826 film and a sensing coil placed 30 mm away from the film. Implant loading generates thin-film magnetoelastic response, passively (contact-free) detected as voltage by the coil. A specific integrated stochastic nonlinear filter performs data denoising, and a decision-making module concludes (via data assessment) on the health state of the implants. The sensor is successfully validated in vitro on an external fixation system and a hip prosthesis implant, respectively.

56.4.27    M. E. Kiziroglou, C. He, E. M. Yeatman, "Rolling Rod Electrostatic Microgenerator," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1101-1108, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The difficulty of maximizing the proof mass, and lack of broadband operation, are key issues for miniaturized energy-harvesting devices. Here, a novel electrostatic energy harvester is presented, employing an external free-rolling proof mass to address these issues. A description of the operating principle is given, and the kinetic dynamics of the cylinder are analyzed. The electrostatics of the system are simulated, identifying the device performance for different dielectric dimensions and surface specifications. The fabrication of a prototype device is presented, and physical characterization results demonstrate a successful fabrication technique for dielectric sizes down to 100 nm. Capacitance measurements reveal a capacitance ratio of 4 and are in agreement with simulation results. A voltage gain of 2.4 is demonstrated. The device is suitable for energy harvesting from low-frequency high-amplitude ambient motion sources such as the human body.

56.4.28    E. Dumsong, N. Afzulpurkar, A. Tuantranont, "Design, Analytical Modeling, and Simulation of Wire-Free Walking Scratch-Drive Microrobot," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1109-1120, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper describes the design, modeling, and simulation of a prototype wire-free walking scratch-drive microrobot with the dimensions of $365 muhbox{m} times 78 muhbox{m}$ . The microrobot consists of three scratch-drive actuators and two steering arms. The motion is controlled by delivering power via a capacitive coupling, with an underlying electric grid, to the microrobot. This way, the microrobot can move freely without connected wire for power supply. A globally controllable system is provided by a finite-state machine. The behavior of this microrobot using novel accurate analytical methods and the finite-element method simulation has been investigated. An automatic release mechanism is provided for mass production.

56.4.29    A. A. Ramadan, T. Takubo, Y. Mae, K. Oohara, T. Arai, "Developmental Process of a Chopstick-Like Hybrid-Structure Two-Fingered Micromanipulator Hand for 3-D Manipulation of Microscopic Objects," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1121-1135, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The development of a chopstick-like two-fingered micromanipulator based on a hybrid mechanism is presented. The microhand consists of two 3-prismatic–revolute–spherical (PRS) parallel modules connected serially in a mirror image style. Each module has a long glass pipette as an end effector. The development process consists of three phases. In the first phase, analysis and mathematical modeling, a novel solution of the inverse kinematics problem (IKP) of a 3-revolute–prismatic–spherical (RPS) parallel module, is derived and applied with proper modification to the case of 3-PRS of the proposed mechanism. The solution is extended to the two-fingered hybrid mechanism of the microhand. In the optimization and design phase, the optimization of the chosen design parameters of a theoretical 3-PRS parallel module is carried out using two approaches: discretization method and genetic algorithms. Based on the optimal design parameters, a CAD model of the 3-PRS finger module is built, and a complementary optimization step using the ANSYS Workbench program is carried out to determine suitable characteristics of the pin flexure hinge. Finally, the total CAD model of the two-fingered hand is built. In the realization and implementation phase, the description of the hardware system of the two-fingered microhand prototype is presented. The program description, calibration method, practical Jacobian matrices, practical workspace, and error analysis of the prototype are discussed.


Single-Phase Electronics


56.4.30    C. S. Moo, K. H. Lee, H. L. Cheng, W. M. Chen, "A Single-Stage High-Power-Factor Electronic Ballast With ZVS Buck–Boost Conversion," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1136-1146, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a novel single-stage high-power-factor electronic ballast via the integration of a derivative buck–boost converter and a half-bridge resonant inverter. The derivative buck–boost converter employs two coupled inductors with an appropriate turn ratio to conduct the current from the input line source into the designated power switches. With the tactful topology and delicately designed circuit parameters, both the active power switches of the resonant inverter can retain the zero voltage switching, resulting in a high circuit efficiency. A prototype circuit designed for a T8-36W rapid-start fluorescent lamp was built and tested to verify the analytical predictions, and satisfactory results were obtained experimentally.

56.4.31    E. H. Ismail, "Bridgeless SEPIC Rectifier With Unity Power Factor and Reduced Conduction Losses," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1147-1157, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a new bridgeless single-phase ac–dc converter with an automatic power factor correction (PFC) is proposed. The proposed rectifier is based on the single-ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) topology and it utilizes a bidirectional switch and two fast diodes. The absence of an input diode bridge and the presence of only one diode in the flowing-current path during each switching cycle result in less conduction loss and improved thermal management compared to existing PFC rectifiers. Other advantages include simple control circuitry, reduced switch voltage stress, and low electromagnetic-interference noise. Performance comparison between the proposed and the conventional SEPIC PFC rectifier is performed. Simulation and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed technique.

56.4.32    J.-M. Kwon, W.-Y. Choi, B.-H. Kwon, "Single-Switch Quasi-Resonant Converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1158-1163, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A single-switch quasi-resonant converter is proposed to obtain high efficiency. Using a variable switching frequency control, this converter is continuously operated at the critical conduction mode for soft switching of the power semiconductor switch. By the resonance, the proposed converter reduces the turn-on loss of the switch without additional active switches and alleviates the reverse-recovery losses of the rectifying diodes. Furthermore, the voltage stress of the rectifying diodes due to the output series resonant circuit is clamped to the output voltage. Experimental results for the 48-V/160-W converter at the variable switching frequency are obtained to show the performance of the proposed converter.

56.4.33    S. K. Mishra, K. D. T. Ngo, "Dynamic Characterization of the Synthetic Ripple Modulator in a Tightly Regulated Distributed Power Application," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1164-1173, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Hysteretic modulators have superior dynamic performance, and they also help reduce the number of output capacitors without sacrificing the transient response. For proper hysteretic operation, the voltage ripple is required to be piecewise linear and noise free. With modern computational integrated circuits lower supply voltage with tight regulation requirements, the output voltage ripple is both small and noisy. The synthetic ripple modulator (SRM) allows proper hysteretic operation even with a small and corrupted output voltage ripple. This paper discusses the dynamic behavior of the SRM. Small-signal characteristics of the modulator are derived. An easy-to-use numerically efficient model has been developed to accurately predict the small- and large-signal behavior of the converter driven by the SRM. The model is able to predict the small-signal behavior of the SRM up to half the switching frequency with sufficient accuracy. It can predict the same large-signal responses as real-time simulation, but at two orders of magnitude less in computation time. Laboratory tests on a 1.8 V/20 A single-phase prototype shows good correlation between experimental results and theoretical predictions both in frequency and time domain.

56.4.34    X. Ruan, W. Chen, L. Cheng, C. K. Tse, H. Yan, T. Zhang, "Control Strategy for Input-Series–Output-Parallel Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1174-1185, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The input-series–output-parallel (ISOP) converter, which consists of multiple dc–dc converter modules connected in series at the input and in parallel at the output, is an attractive solution for high input voltage and high power applications. This paper reveals the relationship between input voltage sharing (IVS) and output current sharing of the constituent modules of the ISOP converter. A novel IVS control strategy, which is decoupled with the output voltage regulation, is proposed. This control allows IVS and output voltage regulation to be designed independently. An ISOP converter, which uses the phase-shifted full-bridge (PS-FB) converter as the basic module, is considered. Based on the proposed control strategy, this ISOP converter together with the control circuit can be decoupled from several independent single-input and single-output systems. An ISOP converter consisting of three PS-FB modules is used to illustrate the design procedure, and a 3-kW experimental prototype is fabricated and tested.


Multiphase Systems
56.4.35    F. Bradaschia, M. C. Cavalcanti, F. A. S. Neves, H. E. P. de Souza, "A Modulation Technique to Reduce Switching Losses in Matrix Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1186-1195, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a modulation technique based on the generalized pulsewidth-modulation strategy for matrix converters. The proposed technique uses a discontinuous modulation to clamp each output leg of the converter during 120$^{circ}$ of the output voltage period, achieving a reduced number of switchings compared with the traditional modulation techniques. Aside from that, the major attraction of the proposed technique is an additional algorithm that lags the clamping of each output leg of the converter to synchronize it with the peak of the corresponding output current (load current), avoiding high switching losses (switching at high currents). Therefore, this technique reduces the number of switchings as well as guarantees only medium and low current switchings. Simulation and experimental results show the efficiency of the proposed technique.

56.4.36    F. J. C. Padilha, W. I. Suemitsu, M. D. Bellar, P. M. Lourenco, "Low-Cost Gate Drive Circuit for Three-Level Neutral-Point-Clamped Voltage-Source Inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1196-1204, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a new hardware implementation of gate drive circuits applied to low-power neutral-point-clamped (NPC) multilevel three-phase inverters. The proposed circuit is based on commercially available MOS-gate driver ICs (MGDs) for large-scale applications, which may reduce the total cost of implementation of NPC inverters. Only one dc power supply is required to feed all the gate drivers for the three-phase system. Detailed design procedures are presented, which include the protection circuits for avoiding hazardous switching states of the power switches. Experimental results of a laboratory prototype demonstrate the validity of the proposed circuit. These results also suggest that for achieving safe operation of snubberless power switches during transients, a hybrid implementation of each NPC phase leg, consisting of MOSFETs with voltage ratings at half the dc bus voltage and of insulated gate bipolar transistors rated at the total dc bus voltage, is recommended.


Renewable Energy Systems
56.4.37    L.-R. Chen, C.-S. Liu, J.-J. Chen, "Improving Phase-Locked Battery Charger Speed by Using Resistance-Compensated Technique," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1205-1211, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a resistance-compensated phase-locked battery charger (RC-PLBC) mathematical model is built, and its s-domain transfer function is also derived. The stable, safe, and nonovercharging conditions of the RC-PLBC are discussed, and many criteria are proposed. After that, a complete design procedure is presented for designing a fast and safe RC-PLBC. A prototype of RC-PLBC is designed and realized to verify the charging performance. Comparing with a typical PLBC, the charge speed of the proposed RC-PLBC is improved by 18%, and the safety is held on.

56.4.38    K. Jin, X. Ruan, M. Yang, M. Xu, "A Hybrid Fuel Cell Power System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1212-1222, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a hybrid fuel cell power system, which consists of a fuel cell, an isolated unidirectional converter, a bidirectional converter, an inverter, and a battery. The fuel cell and the battery are connected to the same voltage bus through an appropriate hybrid full-bridge LLC resonant unidirectional converter and a three-level buck/boost bidirectional converter, respectively. The battery is an auxiliary energy source, powers the load during the system's start state to make it easy for the system to cold start, and provides or absorbs the dynamic power when the load varies and the fuel cell cannot respond immediately, so the system dynamic characteristics are improved. Furthermore, the battery can also provide peak power at overload, so the power rating of the fuel cell can be decreased, which reduces the total system cost. In order to ensure that the system operates with high efficiency, this paper also proposes a power management control scheme, which controls the bidirectional converter operating under buck, boost, or shutdown mode according to the operation condition of the fuel cell and battery, so that the battery can be charged or discharged. The operation of the system during cold start and overload are analyzed in detail. A 1-kW fuel cell power system was built in the laboratory. Experimental results are shown to verify the theoretical analysis.


Motors and Actuators
56.4.39    J. Scott, J. McLeish, W. H. Round, "Speed Control With Low Armature Loss for Very Small Sensorless Brushed DC Motors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1223-1229, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A method for speed control of brushed dc motors is presented. It is particularly applicable to motors with armatures of less than 1 $hbox{cm}^{3}$. Motors with very small armatures are difficult to control using the usual pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) approach and are apt to overheat if so driven. The technique regulates speed via the back electromotive force but does not require current-discontinuous drives. Armature heating in small motors under PWM drive is explained and quantified. The method is verified through simulation and measurement. Control is improved, and armature losses are minimized. The method can expect to find application in miniature mechatronic equipment.


Drive Control
56.4.40    A. Gopinath, A. Mohamed A. S., M. R. Baiju, "Fractal Based Space Vector PWM for Multilevel Inverters—A Novel Approach," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1230-1237, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A space vector pulsewidth-modulation (SVPWM) technique based on fractal approach for multilevel inverters is presented. This paper proposes a view that the space vector locations of multilevel inverters possess a fractal structure, and the properties of fractal structure together with the simplicity of fractal arithmetic are exploited to generate the SVPWM. The proposed method does not use any lookup tables for sector identification. The switching space vectors are also directly determined without using any lookup tables. The proposed scheme can be extended to an $n$-level inverter, and a generalized algorithm is also presented. The proposed scheme for generating SVPWM for multilevel inverters is explained for a five-level inverter, and experimental results are presented for a three-level inverter.

56.4.41    F.-J. Lin, Y.-C. Hung, S.-Y. Chen, "FPGA-Based Computed Force Control System Using Elman Neural Network for Linear Ultrasonic Motor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1238-1253, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based computed force control system using an Elman neural network (ENN) is proposed to control the mover position of a linear ultrasonic motor (LUSM) in this paper. First, the structure and operating principle of the LUSM are introduced. Then, the dynamics of the LUSM mechanism with the introduction of a lumped uncertainty, which include the friction force, are derived. Since the dynamic characteristics and motor parameters of the LUSM are nonlinear and time varying, a computed force control system using ENN is designed to improve the control performance for the tracking of various reference trajectories. The ENN with both online learning and excellent approximation capabilities is employed to estimate a nonlinear function including the lumped uncertainty of the moving table mechanism. Moreover, the Lyapunov stability theorem and the projection algorithm are adopted to ensure the stability of the control system and the convergence of the ENN. Furthermore, an FPGA chip is adopted to implement the developed control algorithm for possible low-cost and high-performance industrial applications. The experimental results show that excellent positioning and tracking performance are achieved, and the robustness to parameter variations and friction force can be obtained as well using the proposed control system.

56.4.42    J. A. Pontt, J. R. RodrÍguez, A. Liendo, P. Newman, J. Holtz, J. M. San Martin, "Network-Friendly Low-Switching-Frequency Multipulse High-Power Three-Level PWM Rectifier," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1254-1262, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: High-power converters for regenerative drives and distributed generation need a network-friendly operation, low harmonic conductive electromagnetic emission for low electromagnetic interference and high electromagnetic compatibility reaching high reliability and performance. Nevertheless, the converters must be controlled with low switching frequency in order to reduce the commutation losses. These two requirements can be satisfied if an optimal modulation strategy is used. The selective harmonic elimination (SHE) is one of the low-switching-frequency strategies most used today. However, this strategy only eliminates a reduced set of harmonic components from the input current. This paper presents a novel optimal modulation strategy whose objective is to reduce the total harmonic distortion of the input current. Six- and twelve-pulse three-level neutral-pointclamped pulsewidth modulation rectifiers are used in order to implement both modulation techniques. The results confirm the advantages of the proposed strategy, namely, less input current distortion and remarkable reduction of higher order harmonics compared with the SHE method, while keeping a low-switching behavior.

56.4.43    M. N. Uddin, S. W. Nam, "Development and Implementation of a Nonlinear-Controller-Based IM Drive Incorporating Iron Loss With Parameter Uncertainties," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1263-1272, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents the development and real-time implementation of a nonlinear controller for the speed control of an induction motor (IM) drive. Neglecting the iron loss in an IM model causes performance deterioration, and there has been research to investigate and cope with this problem in the vector control of an IM. However, little work has been done in the area of the nonlinear control of an IM. In this paper, an adaptive backstepping-based nonlinear controller incorporating the iron loss is developed under the parameter uncertainties. To reduce the complexity in the design of the controller, the motor model is referenced to the rotor magnetizing current, and the controller is developed in the rotor-flux-oriented control scheme. The adaptive backstepping technique is utilized to estimate the parameters online and maintain the global stability of the drive through Lyapunov. The proposed controller is successfully implemented in real time using a digital signal processor board DS 1104 for a laboratory 1/3-hp IM. Both simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller successfully achieves the rotor-speed-tracking objective and improves dynamic responses as compared to the one without parameter adaptation.


Signal Processing and Control
56.4.44    L. Harnefors, "Implementation of Resonant Controllers and Filters in Fixed-Point Arithmetic," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1273-1281, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Resonant controllers and filters are useful in voltage-source-converter control systems. Although the trend is toward implementation in floating-point arithmetic, fixed-point arithmetic is still of interest, but requires much greater care in the algorithm design. This paper covers some important issues, namely, choice of structure, design formulas, scaling, sensitivity, quantization-noise amplification, and suppression of overflow limit cycles. The results presented should be particularly helpful as design guidelines to practical engineers in a situation where one often resorts to trial and error.

56.4.45    B. Tavassoli, P. Jabehdar-Maralani, n. Rezaee, "Tuning of Control Systems Over CSMA Networks," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1282-1291, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, control systems over soft real-time carrier sensing multiple access networks are considered. A precise modeling of the system is presented, and the effects of using the communication network are probabilistically characterized. The results can be used to study several control performance issues in the stochastic setting. In this paper, the expected value of a quadratic cost function is calculated, and the result is used for optimal controller tuning and performance analysis through an example.


Diagnosis and Monitoring
56.4.46    M. I. Chacon-Murguia, J. I. Nevarez-Santana, R. Sandoval-Rodriguez, "Multiblob Cosmetic Defect Description/Classification Using a Fuzzy Hierarchical Classifier," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1292-1299, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The complexity of classification tasks in computer vision applications has increased, as these systems have been adopted in more real-world applications. One of the hardest tasks to model by a computer system is related to achieving a human task based on subjective perception of the environment or goods. This paper presents a fuzzy classifier aimed to perform a subjective classification task, using the same criteria considered by a human inspector. The task consists on the description and classification of a cosmetic defect presented in ophthalmic lenses. The human inspector is modeled by a fuzzy hierarchical rule classifier (FHRC). The goal of the first stage is to obtain the description of the defect constituents. This information is then analyzed by the second stage to provide the final classification. The performance of the FHRC is 91.83% of correct classification in the single blob case and 81.48% in the multiblob. This performance can be considered acceptable, assuming that a human inspector has an estimated performance of 85%, with the advantages that the proposed system does not suffer from the disadvantages of a human inspector. The system also provides information of the defect constituents, which can be used to improve the fabrication process.

56.4.47    P. Barriuso, J. Dixon, P. Flores, L. Moran, "Fault-Tolerant Reconfiguration System for Asymmetric Multilevel Converters Using Bidirectional Power Switches," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1300-1306, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Asymmetric multilevel converters can optimize the number of levels by using H-bridges scaled in the power of three. The shortcoming of this topology is that the H-bridges are not interchangeable, and then, under certain faulty conditions, the converter cannot operate. A reconfiguration system based on bidirectional electronic valves has been designed for three-phase cascaded H-bridge inverters. Once a fault is detected in any of the insulated gate bipolar transistors of any H-bridge, the control is capable to reconfigure the hardware keeping the higher power bridges in operation. In this way, the faulty phase can continue working at the same voltage level by adjusting its gating signals. Some simulations and experiments with a 27-level inverter, to show the operation of the system under a faulty condition, are displayed.

56.4.48    M. Jager, F. A. Hamprecht, "Principal Component Imagery for the Quality Monitoring of Dynamic Laser Welding Processes," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1307-1313, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A popular technique to monitor laser welding processes is to record laser-induced plasma radiation with a highspeed camera. The recorded sequences are analyzed using pattern recognition systems. Since the raw data are too high dimensional to allow for an efficient learning, dimension reduction is necessary. The most common technique for dimension reduction in laser welding applications is to use geometric information of segmented objects. In contrast, we propose to adapt ideas from face recognition and to employ appearance-based features to describe the relevant characteristics of the recorded images. The classification performance of geometric and appearance-based features is compared on a representative data set from an industrial laser welding application. Hidden Markov models are used to capture the temporal dependences and to perform the classification of unlabeled sequences into an error-free and an erroneous class. We demonstrate that a classification system based on appearance-based features can outperform geometric features.


Emerging Technology
56.4.49    P. Sen, C.-J. Kim, "Microscale Liquid-Metal Switches—A Review," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1314-1330, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have constituted an active R&D area over the last two to three decades, with one of the earliest application topics being microswitches. Typical designs involve actuation of microscale flexural elements (e.g., beams and membranes) to make a short or an opening in the transmission (signal) line. However, the problem of reliability of these switches persisted due to the presence of a solid–solid contact. Inspired by the regular mercury switches that use liquid–solid contact to solve the problems, several researchers have been exploring the use of liquid metal (LM) in developing microscale switches. Over time, the following two different approaches have evolved: LM-wetted microswitches and LM-actuated microswitches. In this paper, we summarize the progress of both approaches over the last decade by reporting a series of LM microswitches, each with the mechanism, fabrication, and performance. In addition, the properties of various LMs and LM alloys and the issues of fabrication and packaging involving LM are presented to help understand the reported developments as well as to assist in designing future LM microswitches.

56.4.50    "Have you visited lately? www.ieee.org," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1331-1331, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

56.4.51    "Quality without compromise," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1332-1332, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

56.4.52    "IEEE Industrial Electronics Society Information," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. C3-C3, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

56.4.53    "IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics information for authors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. C4-C4, April 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

 IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 

Volume 56,  Number 5, May 2009           Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE     IE Transactions Home Page



56.5.1    T. Atsumi, "Feedforward Control Using Sampled-Data Polynomial for Track Seeking in Hard Disk Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1338-1346, May 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: To decrease the seek time of hard disk drives, a feedforward control method was developed by using a sampled-data polynomial. The sampled-data polynomial satisfies the boundary conditions that include the characteristics of the zero-order hold, and compensates for the discretization error caused by the zero-order hold without the need for complicated calculations. Therefore, the feedforward control using the sampled-data polynomial enables real-time calculation and does not require lookup tables which need a large amount of memory. The parameters of the sampled-data polynomial are designed by using shock-response-spectrum analysis to minimize the settling vibrations caused by the feedforward control inputs. When the proposed method was applied on a hard disk drive, it significantly reduced the amount of tracking error in the seek control and also reduced the seek time.

56.5.2    M. F. Heertjes, X. G. P. Schuurbiers, H. Nijmeijer, "Performance-Improved Design of N-PID Controlled Motion Systems With Applications to Wafer Stages," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1347-1355, May 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A nonlinear filter design is proposed to improve nanopositioning servo performances in high-speed (and generally linear) motion systems. The design offers a means to adapt fundamental control design tradeoffs—like disturbance suppression versus noise sensitivity—which are otherwise fixed. Typically performance-limiting oscillations in the feedback system that benefit from extra control are temporarily upscaled and subjected to nonlinear weighting. For sufficiently large amplitudes, this nonlinear filter operation induces extra controller gain. Oscillations that do not benefit from this extra control (typically because they represent noise contributions that should not be amplified) remain unscaled and, as such, do not induce extra controller gain. The combined usage of linear weighting filters with their exact inverses renders this part of the nonlinear filter design strictly performance based. The effective means to improve servo performance is demonstrated on a short-stroke wafer stage of an industrial wafer scanner. Since the nonlinear filter design is largely based on Lyapunov arguments, stability is guaranteed along the different design steps.

56.5.3    S. Hyodo, K. Ohnishi, "A Method for Motion Abstraction Based on Haptic Information Directionality and an Application to Haptic Motion Display System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1356-1363, May 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Robots working in the human environment have been researched in the field of motion control. For the next-generation robot, human and robot interaction technologies are needed. In particular, learning and displaying of human haptic motion are important. Therefore, the authors have proposed a method for abstracting haptic motion and designed a haptic motion display system. The motion abstraction method divides a measured motion to each action from the point of force and position. Then, action modes have been defined for expressing each divided action. Action modes are expressing force directionality or position directionality. By utilizing the proposed motion abstraction method, various kinds of human motion are abstracted as action modes. The designed haptic motion display system is trying to show these various kinds of human motion. This paper defines human action modes and environmental action modes from action modes. Human action modes are expressing human action force directionality, while environmental action modes are expressing environmental position response directionality. Furthermore, the haptic motion display system is redesigned. This system is redesigned based on human action modes and environmental action modes. The validity of the proposed method is confirmed by the experimental results.

56.5.4    R. Kubo, K. Ohnishi, "Mechanical Recognition of Unknown Environment Using Active/Passive Contact Motion," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1364-1374, May 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a method to determine contact conditions between a planar end-effector and the environment, i.e., face-to-face, face-to-line, or face-to-point contact. First of all, two kinds of contact motion of a planar end-effector, i.e., passive and active contact motions, are described. A compliance controller is implemented to achieve the passive contact motion, and the “groping motion” is generated as the active contact motion. Then, novel robot-friendly expressions of the environment are proposed based on the concept of environmental modes. Discrete Fourier transform matrices are utilized as matrices transforming environmental information into environmental modes. In the experiments, a planar end-effector contacts with the environment with the passive and active contact motions, and the environmental data obtained from sensors are transformed into environmental modes. The profiles of the extracted environmental modes are utilized to determine the contact conditions. The validity of the proposed method is confirmed by the experimental results.

56.5.5    T. Tsuji, Y. Kaneko, S. Abe, "Whole-Body Force Sensation by Force Sensor With Shell-Shaped End-Effector," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1375-1382, May 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a tactile-sensing mechanism for a robot. The mechanism is composed of a force-sensor device and an end-effector of shell shape. Since the end-effector plays the role of an outer shell, a force can be sensed at any position on the body. Due to the aspect of its intrinsic contact sensing, position of the single contact point is calculable without any sensor array. Another advantage is that the six-axis resultant force is measurable. This paper shows that the mechanism is also available for the end-effector with an angulated shape. The only condition for the shape is to be a convex hull. Some experimental results evaluate sources of error in practical measurement and show the validity of the proposed mechanism.

56.5.6    Y. Fujimoto, T. Kominami, H. Hamada, "Development and Analysis of a High Thrust Force Direct-Drive Linear Actuator," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1383-1392, May 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents the design and analysis of a novel high thrust force linear actuator with high backdrivability. This motor consists of a mover and a stator with spiral (helical) structure. The mover moves spirally in the stator, and the linear motion is extracted to drive the load. This motor is a direct-drive system and highly backdrivable. In this paper, a basic model and thrust-force/torque equations are proposed, and finite-element method analysis and experimental results of a prototype are presented. From experiments, the designed spiral motor achieves 2000-N rated thrust force. The thrust-force capabilities of the spiral motor are compared with other linear motors. It is confirmed that the spiral motor is almost close to the latest state of the art in linear motor technology.

56.5.7    H. Seki, K. Ishihara, S. Tadakuma, "Novel Regenerative Braking Control of Electric Power-Assisted Wheelchair for Safety Downhill Road Driving," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1393-1400, May 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper describes a novel regenerative braking control scheme of electric power-assisted wheelchairs for safety driving on downhill roads. The “electric power-assisted wheelchair” which assists the driving force by electric motors is expected to be widely used as a mobility support system for elderly people and disabled people; however, it has no braking system to suppress the wheelchair's velocity and brings the dangerous and fearful driving particularly on downhill roads. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel safety and efficient driving control scheme based on the regenerative braking system. This paper applies the regenerative braking system with the step-up chopper circuit serially connecting two motors and realizes the velocity feedback control with the variable duty ratio so that it tracks the optimal velocity based on the Minimum Jerk Model. In addition, the dynamic braking system is also applied at the low-speed range instead of the regenerative braking in order to suppress the acceleration. Some driving experiments on the practical downhill roads show the effectiveness of the proposed control system.

56.5.8    Y. Hu, W. Zhao, L. Wang, "Vision-Based Target Tracking and Collision Avoidance for Two Autonomous Robotic Fish," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1401-1410, May 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A new type of vision-based autonomous robotic fish capable of 3-D locomotion is developed in this paper. Based on our robotic fish prototype, the forces and moments acting on its fins and body are analyzed, and the governing motion equations are derived. We further investigate a decentralized control method in target-tracking and collision-avoidance task for two autonomous robotic fish. Most of previous work on the task strategies of autonomous robots is focused on terrestrial robots and seldom deals with underwater applications due to the uncertainties and complexity in a hydroenvironment. To address this challenge in such an underwater task, a situated-behavior-based decentralized control is employed on each robotic fish according to its visual data. On dealing with motion planning of the fish during target tracking and collision avoidance, a control law by a combination of an attractive force toward a target and a repulsive force for collision avoidance is utilized. Experimental results of the task performed by two autonomous robotic fish validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

56.5.9    C. Geng, L. Mostefai, M. Denai, Y. Hori, "Direct Yaw-Moment Control of an In-Wheel-Motored Electric Vehicle Based on Body Slip Angle Fuzzy Observer," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1411-1419, May 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A stabilizing observer-based control algorithm for an in-wheel-motored vehicle is proposed, which generates direct yaw moment to compensate for the state deviations. The control scheme is based on a fuzzy rule-based body slip angle $(beta)$ observer. In the design strategy of the fuzzy observer, the vehicle dynamics is represented by Takagi–Sugeno-like fuzzy models. Initially, local equivalent vehicle models are built using the linear approximations of vehicle dynamics for low and high lateral acceleration operating regimes, respectively. The optimal $beta$ observer is then designed for each local model using Kalman filter theory. Finally, local observers are combined to form the overall control system by using fuzzy rules. These fuzzy rules represent the qualitative relationships among the variables associated with the nonlinear and uncertain nature of vehicle dynamics, such as tire force saturation and the influence of road adherence. An adaptation mechanism for the fuzzy membership functions has been incorporated to improve the accuracy and performance of the system. The effectiveness of this design approach has been demonstrated in simulations and in a real-time experimental setting.

56.5.10    M. Borage, K. V. Nagesh, M. S. Bhatia, S. Tiwari, "Design of LCL-T Resonant Converter Including the Effect of Transformer Winding Capacitance," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1420-1427, May 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The transformer winding capacitance, which is significant in high-voltage power supplies, is not gainfully utilized in an LCL-T resonant converter (RC). A simplified analysis presented in this paper predicts the severe degradation of output current regulation of an LCL-T RC due to transformer winding capacitance. The presence of winding capacitance, in fact, changes the third-order LCL-T resonant tank into fourth-order $LC$–$LC$ topology. Using an ac analysis, it is shown that, under the derived design conditions, $LC$–$LC$ RC also exhibits constant output current and in-phase source voltage and current, simultaneously at all loading conditions. Thus, the transformer leakage inductance and winding capacitance are gainfully utilized as a part of a resonant network, resulting in improved output characteristics. Closed-form expressions for the converter gain and component stresses are derived. The condition for converter design optimized for the minimum size of the resonant network is obtained. Experimental results on a prototype 100-mA 2-kV dc power supply confirm the observations of analysis.

56.5.11    A. M. Rahimi, A. Emadi, "Active Damping in DC/DC Power Electronic Converters: A Novel Method to Overcome the Problems of Constant Power Loads," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1428-1439, May 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Multi-converter power electronic systems exist in land, sea, air, and space vehicles. In these systems, load converters exhibit constant power load (CPL) behavior for the feeder converters and tend to destabilize the system. In this paper, the implementation of novel active-damping techniques on dc/dc converters has been shown. Moreover, the proposed active-damping method is used to overcome the negative impedance instability problem caused by the CPLs. The effectiveness of the new proposed approach has been verified by PSpice simulations and experimental results.

56.5.12    A. Fernandez, D. G. Lamar, M. Rodriguez, M. M. Hernando, J. Sebastian, M. Arias, "Self-Driven Synchronous Rectification System With Input Voltage Tracking for Converters With a Symmetrically Driven Transformer," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1440-1445, May 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Synchronous rectification (SR) is mandatory to achieve good efficiencies with low output voltages. If a transformer is driven asymmetrically without dead times, the self-driven SR (SDSR) is a very interesting solution. However, if the transformer is driven symmetrically, the synchronous rectifiers are off during the dead times, and as a consequence, the efficiency is lowered. This paper deals with the optimization of an SDSR system that keeps the rectifiers on even during the dead times. The input voltage is tracked, and the information is used to adapt the gate to the source voltage of the synchronous rectifiers and improve the efficiency. The system has been implemented in a prototype, and the results have been compared with the ones obtained in the same prototype without SDSR.

56.5.13    P. Grbovic, "High-Voltage Auxiliary Power Supply Using Series-Connected MOSFETs and Floating Self-Driving Technique," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1446-1455, May 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper deals with high-voltage auxiliary switching-mode power supplies (SMPSs). An overview of the state of the art is given, and a novel solution is proposed. The proposed solution is based on a single-ended flyback or forward topology with the main switch arranged as a series connection of two metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). The bottom MOSFET is driven directly by an ordinary control circuit and gate driver, while the top MOSFET is driven by a floating self-supplied gate driver. The floating gate driver is connected to the input filter capacitors' midpoint. This gate driver plays two roles: driving of the top MOSFET and control of distribution of the blocking voltage among the series-connected MOSFETs, in steady state as well as during commutation. The series connection of lower voltage MOSFETs has two important advantages compared to that of a single high-voltage MOSFET: lower conduction losses and lower cost. When several switches are series connected, each switch supports a fraction of the total blocking voltage, and therefore, each switch can be rated for lower voltage. The total on-state resistance and the cost of such a switch arrangement are lower compared to that of a single switch that supports the full blocking voltage. The proposed SMPS is theoretically analyzed and experimentally verified. The experimental results are presented and discussed.

56.5.14    K. I. Hwu, Y. T. Yau, "An Interleaved AC–DC Converter Based on Current Tracking," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1456-1463, May 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, an interleaved ac–dc converter based on current tracking without any current sharing required is presented and applied to a two-phase flyback converter. This is realized using two critical-conduction-mode (CRM) pulsewidth-modulated chips, together with a field-programmable gate array technique. By doing so, not only are the total harmonic distortion and the power factor improved but the output power is also upgraded. In this paper, the circuit operation is described in detail, with some experimental results given to verify the proposed control scheme.

56.5.15    H.-S. Park, C.-E. Kim, C.-H. Kim, G.-W. Moon, J.-H. Lee, "A Modularized Charge Equalizer for an HEV Lithium-Ion Battery String," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1464-1476, May 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Based on the fact that a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) connects a high number of batteries in series to obtain more than approximately 300 V, this paper proposes a modularized charge equalizer for an HEV battery pack. In this paper, the overall battery string is modularized into $M^{ast}N$ cells, where $M$ is the number of modules in the string and $N$ is the number of cells in each module. With this modularization, low voltage stress on the electronic devices can be achieved, which means that there is less chance of a failure on the charge equalizer. The power rating selection is one of the most important design issues for a charge equalizer because it is very closely related to equalization time. To solve this problem optimally, this paper presents a power rating design guide. In addition, this paper considers system-level design issues, such as cell voltage acquisition, equalizer control logic, and system-level grounding. The simulation and experimental results are presented to show the usefulness of the optimal power rating selection guide and the low voltage stressed charge equalization process.

56.5.16    M. A. M. Radzi, N. A. Rahim, "Neural Network and Bandless Hysteresis Approach to Control Switched Capacitor Active Power Filter for Reduction of Harmonics," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1477-1484, May 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a combination of neural network and a bandless hysteresis controller, for a switched capacitor active power filter (SCAPF), to improve line power factor and to reduce line current harmonics. The proposed active power filter controller forces the supply current to be sinusoidal, in phase with line voltage, and has low current harmonics. Two main controls are proposed for it: neural network detection of harmonics and bandless digital hysteresis switching algorithm. A mathematical algorithm and a suitable learning rate determine the filter's optimal operation. A digital signal controller (TMS320F2812) verifies the proposed SCAPF, implementing the neural network and bandless hysteresis algorithms. A laboratory SCAPF system is built to test its feasibility. Simulation and experimental results are provided to verify performance of the proposed SCAPF system.

56.5.17    F. Baalbergen, P. Bauer, J. A. Ferreira, "Energy Storage and Power Management for Typical 4Q-Load," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1485-1498, May 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Diesel generators in small electricity grids are mostly not used in a very efficient way. The reason for this is twofold. First of all, the efficiency of a diesel generator is dependent on the ratio determined by the average power divided by the peak power of the generator. The smaller this ratio is, the lower the efficiency. Furthermore, some loads can regenerate energy. In small grids, this energy is mostly not needed elsewhere and should be dissipated. A solution solving both problems previously mentioned is using an energy storage device in the system. This storage can be used for peak shaving and storing regenerated energy. This paper focuses on a generator-set with energy storage. Six different power management strategies are discussed. Calculation of the costs shows that adding an energy storage device lowers the cost for all methods. Verification with simulation and experiments has been carried out.

56.5.18    D. V. Ghodke, E. S. E. S., K. Chatterjee, B. G. Fernandes, "One-Cycle-Controlled Bidirectional AC-to-DC Converter With Constant Power Factor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1499-1510, May 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Grid-connected unity-power-factor converters based on one-cycle control (OCC) do not require the service of phase-locked loop or any other synchronization circuits for interfacing with the utility. As a result, these schemes are becoming increasingly popular. However, as the power handled by the converter increases, the power factor deteriorates. To understand quantitatively the cause of poor power factor while negotiating high power loads, large signal models for these schemes are developed. Having understood the cause for poor power factor operation, a modified-OCC-based converter is proposed. This scheme has high power factor while supplying high power loads. Detailed simulation studies are carried out to verify the efficacy of the scheme. In order to confirm the viability of the scheme, detailed experimental studies are carried out on a 3-kW laboratory prototype.

56.5.19    Y. W. Li, "Control and Resonance Damping of Voltage-Source and Current-Source Converters With $LC$ Filters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1511-1521, May 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, the closed-loop control of both voltage-source converter (VSC) and current-source converter (CSC) systems with $LC$ filters is investigated, with a focus being put on the damping of $LC$ resonance. First, both single-loop and multiloop control schemes for a voltage-source inverter (VSI) with output $LC$ filter are analyzed, where the design and tuning procedure can also be applied to a current-source inverter (CSI) with output $CL$ filter. It is shown that both VSI and CSI systems are subject to $LC$ resonance, even with multiloop control, while the CSI system is also subject to $LC$ resonant frequency variations. On the other hand, the $LC$ resonant frequencies in both current-source rectifier (CSR) and voltage-source rectifier (VSR) systems with input $LC$ filter circuits are relatively fixed due to the small variation range of source impedance. To further dampen the $LC$ resonance in these converter systems, active damping techniques such as virtual harmonic damper and control-signal-shaping methods are investigated, and their implementation into the converter systems is discussed in detail. Experimental results from both a VSC system and a CSC system are obtained.

56.5.20    N.-J. Park, D. S. Hyun, "IBC Using a Single Resonant Inductor for High-Power Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1522-1530, May 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, an interleaved boost converter (IBC) with a zero-voltage-transition (ZVT) cell using a single resonant inductor in continuous conduction mode is proposed. The IBC with the proposed ZVT cell has advantages such as a simple circuit, reduced size, and low cost by using a single resonant inductor. It is more suitable for high-power applications. The proposed ZVT cell circuit and principles for the IBC are explained in detail. The validity of the IBC with the proposed ZVT cell is verified through experimental results.

56.5.21    V. V. R. Scarpa, S. Buso, G. Spiazzi, "Low-Complexity MPPT Technique Exploiting the PV Module MPP Locus Characterization," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1531-1538, May 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a method for tracking the maximum power point (MPP) of a photovoltaic (PV) module that exploits the relation existing between the values of module voltage and current at the MPP (MPP locus). Experimental evidence shows that this relation tends to be linear in conditions of high solar irradiation. The analysis of the PV module electrical model allows one to justify this result and to derive a linear approximation of the MPP locus. Based on that, an MPP tracking strategy is devised which presents high effectiveness, low complexity, and the inherent possibility to compensate for temperature variations by periodically sensing the module open circuit voltage. The proposed method is particularly suitable for low-cost PV systems and has been successfully tested in a solar-powered 55-W battery charger circuit.

56.5.22    H. E. P. de Souza, F. Bradaschia, F. A. S. Neves, M. C. Cavalcanti, G. M. S. Azevedo, J. P. de Arruda, "A Method for Extracting the Fundamental-Frequency Positive-Sequence Voltage Vector Based on Simple Mathematical Transformations," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1539-1547, May 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a novel scheme for obtaining the fundamental-frequency positive-sequence grid voltage is proposed. The method is based on four simple mathematical transformations; two of them are in the stationary reference frame, which are able to eliminate odd harmonics from the original signals. The other two transformations are implemented in a synchronously rotating reference frame in order to eliminate even harmonics. The output of the last transformation block is the input to a synchronous reference-frame phase-locked loop for detecting the frequency and position of the positive-sequence voltage vector. The proposed algorithm was verified through simulations and experiments by applying distorted and unbalanced signals, containing positive and negative-sequence components. The results are in agreement with those theoretically predicted and indicate that the proposed scheme has a great potential for use in grid-connected converter synchronization algorithms.

56.5.23    L. Gao, R. A. Dougal, S. Liu, A. P. Iotova, "Parallel-Connected Solar PV System to Address Partial and Rapidly Fluctuating Shadow Conditions," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1548-1556, May 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays in portable applications are often subject to partial shading and rapid fluctuations of shading. In the usual series-connected wiring scheme, the residual energy generated by partially shaded cells either cannot be collected (if diode bypassed) or, worse, impedes collection of power from the remaining fully illuminated cells (if not bypassed). Rapid fluctuation of the shading pattern makes maximum power point (MPP) tracking difficult; generally, there will exist multiple local MPPs, and their values will change as rapidly as does the illumination. In this paper, a portable solar PV system that effectively eliminates both of the aforementioned problems is described and proven. This system is capable of simultaneously maximizing the power generated by every PV cell in the PV panel. The proposed configuration consists of an array of parallel-connected PV cells, a low-input-voltage step-up power converter, and a simple wide bandwidth MPP tracker. Parallel-configured PV systems are compared to traditional series-configured PV systems through both hardware experiments and computer simulations in this paper. Study results demonstrate that, under complex irradiance conditions, the power generated by the new configuration is approximately twice that of the traditional configuration. The solar PV system can be widely used in many consumer applications, such as PV vests for cell phones and music players.

56.5.24    F.-J. Lin, L.-T. Teng, J.-W. Lin, S.-Y. Chen, "Recurrent Functional-Link-Based Fuzzy-Neural-Network-Controlled Induction-Generator System Using Improved Particle Swarm Optimization," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1557-1577, May 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A recurrent functional-link (FL)-based fuzzy-neural-network (FNN) controller with improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) is proposed in this paper to control a three-phase induction-generator (IG) system for stand-alone power application. First, an indirect field-oriented mechanism is implemented for the control of the IG. Then, an ac/dc power converter and a dc/ac power inverter are developed to convert the electric power generated by a three-phase IG from variable frequency and variable voltage to constant frequency and constant voltage, respectively. Moreover, two online-trained recurrent FL-based FNNs are introduced as the regulating controllers for both the dc-link voltage of the ac/dc power converter and the ac line voltage of the dc/ac power inverter. Furthermore, IPSO is adopted to adjust the learning rates to improve the online learning capability of the recurrent FL-based FNNs. Finally, some experimental results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed recurrent FL-based FNN-controlled IG system.

56.5.25    F. Zhang, Y. Yan, "Novel Forward–Flyback Hybrid Bidirectional DC–DC Converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1578-1584, May 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a novel topology named forward–flyback bidirectional dc–dc converter (BDC), which is a hybrid of forward and flyback converters. The windings of forward and flyback transformers are connected in series on the primary side and in parallel on the secondary side. The proposed converter has no startup problem and no high voltage spikes on the swit