IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 

Volume 55,  Number 1, Jan 2008           Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE     IE Transactions Home Page



                 Single-Phase Electronics
55.1.1    "Table of Contents," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. C1-2, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

55.1.2    "IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics publication information," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. C2-C2, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

55.1.3    J.M. Alonso, M.A. Dalla Costa, M. Rico-Secades, J. Cardesin, J. Garcia, "Investigation of a New Control Strategy for Electronic Ballasts Based on Variable Inductor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 3-10, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a new control method for electronic ballasts based on the use of a variable inductor is presented. The main goal is to perform the complete control of the electronic ballast by maintaining the switching frequency constant and without using other parameters of the power converter, such as input voltage or duty cycle. The magnetic regulator is controlled by means of a dc current, which allows performing both lamp soft starting and lamp dimming. Apart from the important advantage of keeping a constant frequency during full electronic ballast operation, the proposed method presents additional advantages when compared to other control methods, such as inherent isolated control, more linear control characteristics, constant electrode power, and higher efficiency. Experimental results from a 36-W linear fluorescent lamp prototype are presented.

55.1.4    L.A. Barragan, D. Navarro, J. Acero, I. Urriza, J.M. Burdio, "FPGA Implementation of a Switching Frequency Modulation Circuit for EMI Reduction in Resonant Inverters for Induction Heating Appliances," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 11-20, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents the use of frequency modulation as a spread spectrum technique to reduce conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) in the A frequency band (9-150 kHz) caused by resonant inverters used in induction heating home appliances. For sinusoidal, triangular, and sawtooth modulation profiles, the influence of peak period deviation in EMI reduction and in the power delivered to the load is analyzed. A digital circuit that generates the best of the analyzed modulation profiles is implemented in a field programmable gate array. The design is modeled in a very-high-speed integrated circuits hardware description language (VHDL). The digital circuit, the power converter, and the spectrum analyzer are simulated all together using a mixed-signal simulation tool to verify the functionality of the VHDL description. The spectrum analyzer is modeled in VHDL-analog and mixed-signal extension language (VHDL-AMS) and takes into account the resolution bandwidth stipulated by the EMI measurement standard. Finally, the simulations are experimentally verified on a 3.5 kW resonant inverter operating at 35 kHz.

55.1.5    J.A. Barrena, L. Marroyo, M.A.R. Vidal, J.R.T. Apraiz, "Individual Voltage Balancing Strategy for PWM Cascaded H-Bridge Converter-Based STATCOM," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 21-29, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a new control method for cascaded connected H-bridge converter-based static compensators. These converters have classically been commutated at fundamental line frequencies, but the evolution of power semiconductors has allowed the increase of switching frequencies and power ratings of these devices, permitting the use of pulsewidth modulation techniques. This paper mainly focuses on dc-bus voltage balancing problems and proposes a new control technique (individual voltage balancing strategy), which solves these balancing problems, maintaining the delivered reactive power equally distributed among all the H-bridges of the converter.

55.1.6    Daolian Chen, "Novel Current-Mode AC/AC Converters With High-Frequency AC Link," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 30-37, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A novel circuit-topology family of the current-mode AC/AC converter with high-frequency AC link, based on a Flyback converter, is proposed. These circuit topologies, which can transfer one unregulated sinusoidal voltage with high total harmonic distortion (THD) into another regulated constant-frequency sinusoidal voltage with low THD, are composed of input cycloconverter, high-frequency storage transformer, and output cycloconverter. The circuit-topology family includes single four-quadrant power switch mode, push-pull mode, half-bridge mode, and full-bridge mode circuits. The single four-quadrant power switch mode and push-pull mode converters are suitable for low input voltage fields, but the half-bridge mode and full-bridge mode converters are suitable for high input voltage fields. The operational mode, steady principle, and transient voltage feedback control strategy of the kind of converter are investigated. The output characteristic curve, its relation to internal resistance, and the design criteria for the key circuit parameters are given. The theoretical analysis and the test result of the 500 VA 220 V 15% 50 HzAC/220 V 50 HzAC prototype have shown that the converters have advantages such as high-frequency galvanic isolation, simple topology, two-stage power conversion [low frequency alternating current (LFAC)/high frequency alternating current (HFAC)/LFAC], bidirectional power flow, high efficiency, high power density, low THD of the output voltage, strong adaptability to various loads, higher line power factor, low audio noise, etc.

55.1.7    E.H. Ismail, A.J. Sabzali, M.A. Al-Saffar, "A High-Quality Rectifier Based on Sheppard–Taylor Converter Operating in Discontinuous Capacitor Voltage Mode," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 38-48, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a single-phase soft-switched high power factor (PF) Sheppard-Taylor rectifier suitable for applications requiring low-voltage and high-current output. The proposed rectifier is designed to operate at discontinuous capacitor voltage mode. The Sheppard-Taylor converter in this mode of operation provides zero-voltage turnoff switching, as well as natural input PF correction over a wide range of input voltage, which makes the converter suitable for universal input applications. Due to its simplified control circuitry and reduced switch current stress, this converter presents better efficiency and higher reliability. In addition, the presented converter features continuous input-output currents, which result in low electromagnetic interference emission. Principle of operation, theoretical analysis, and experimental results from a laboratory prototype rated at 45 W/10 Vdc output voltage are presented. The measured efficiency and total harmonic distortion of the input line current were 85% and 3.2%, respectively. The input current harmonics meet the EN61000-3-2 Class D requirements.

55.1.8    Jun-Young Lee, "Picture-Based Address Power Saving Method for High Resolution Plasma Display Panel (PDP)," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 49-58, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A picture-based high-speed address recovery technique for AC (adaptive control) plasma display panels (PDPs) is proposed. By removing the ground (GND) switching operation, the recovery speed can be increased and the switching loss due to the GND switch is reduced. The proposed method can perform load-adaptive operations by controlling the voltage level of the energy recovery capacitor, which prevents the increase of inefficient power consumption caused by circuit loss during the recovery operation. Thus, the technique shows the minimum address power consumption according to various displayed images, which is different from previous methods operating in fixed mode regardless of images. Test results with a 50-in HD single-scan PDP (resolution=1366 times 768) show that a recovery time of less than 350 ns is successfully accomplished and about 54% of the maximum power consumption can be reduced, by tracing the minimum power consumption curves.

55.1.9    S.K. Mazumder, M. Tahir, K. Acharya, "Master–Slave Current-Sharing Control of a Parallel DC–DC Converter System Over an RF Communication Interface," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 59-66, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Using analog wireless communication, we demonstrate a master-slave load-sharing control of a parallel dc-dc buck converter system, thereby eliminating the need for physical connection to distribute the control signal among the converter modules. The current reference for the slave modules is provided by the master module using radio-frequency (RF) transmission, thereby ensuring even sharing of the load current. The effect of delay due to RF transmission on system stability and performance is analyzed, and regions of operation for a stable as well as satisfactory performance are determined. We experimentally demonstrate a satisfactory performance of the master-slave converter at 20-kHz switching frequency under steady state as well as transient conditions in the presence of a transmission delay. The proposed control concept, which can potentially attain redundancy that is achievable using a droop method, may lead to more robust and reconfigurable control implementation of distributed converters and power systems. It may also be used as a (fault-tolerant) backup for wire-based control of parallel/distributed converters.

55.1.10    V.M. Rao, A.K. Jain, K.K. Reddy, A. Behal, "Experimental Comparison of Digital Implementations of Single-Phase PFC Controllers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 67-78, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents the design and the digital implementation of three controllers for a single-phase power factor corrector (PFC). Based on an averaged system model, an adaptive nonlinear control strategy is first designed, followed by a digital redesign of the standard cascaded linear controller and a notch-filter-based variant. All three controllers have been verified via simulation in Simulink using a continuous time plant model and a discrete time controller. Real-time implementation is performed on an experimental testbed utilizing a rapid prototyping tool. The three controllers are experimentally compared for steady-state performance and transient response. It is shown that the nonlinear controller gives a better steady-state performance, whereas the linear strategy and the notch-filter-based variant have a faster dynamic response. Furthermore, although the notch-filter-based linear design shows promise in simulation, practical difficulties degrade its experimental performance. Performance metrics are tabulated for easy comparison.

55.1.11    A.M. Sanchez, M. Sanz, R. Prieto, J.A. Oliver, P. Alou, J.A. Cobos, "Design of Piezoelectric Transformers for Power Converters by Means of Analytical and Numerical Methods," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 79-88, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Piezoelectric transformers (PTs) provide several advantages compared to magnetic components, which are higher power density, lower radiated noise, and higher voltage isolation capability. PT must be properly designed to benefit the power converter with the aforementioned advantages. Analytical models are widely used for PT design in order to validate it before constructing the prototype. In this paper, the additional usefulness of finite element analysis (FEA) for PT design is shown. With FEA, it is possible to optimize the PT design not only by maximizing the energy transference but also by cleaning the working frequency range of spurious modes (geometrical 2D/3D effects). Moreover, FEA tools allow the study of other main aspects of the PT design such as manufacturing tolerances or the influence of the fixing layer on PT performance (which is a critical design point). A method for modeling and designing PTs is proposed, combining analytical 1D models and FEA results. The proposed method is validated with measurements of a PT design for a 10-W ac/dc converter prototype for mobile phone battery charger.

55.1.12    Miaosen Shen, Fang Zheng Peng, "Operation Modes and Characteristics of the Z-Source Inverter With Small Inductance or Low Power Factor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 89-96, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The Z-source inverter, utilizing a unique LC network and previously forbidden shoot-through states, provides unique features, such as the ability to buck and boost voltage with a simple single-stage structure. The analysis and control methods provided in the literature are based on an assumption that the inductor current is relatively large, continuous, and has small ripple. This assumption becomes invalid when the load power factor is low or the inductance is small in order to minimize the inductor's size and weight for some applications where volume and weight are crucial. Under these conditions, the inductor current has high ripple or even becomes discontinuous. As a result, the Z-source inverter exhibits new operation modes that have not been discussed before. This paper analyzes these new operation modes and the associated circuit characteristics.

55.1.13    Kuo-Kai Shyu, Ming-Ji Yang, Yen-Mo Chen, Yi-Fei Lin, "Model Reference Adaptive Control Design for a Shunt Active-Power-Filter System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 97-106, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, model reference adaptive control (MRAC) is proposed for a single-phase shunt active power filter (APF) to improve line power factor and to reduce line current harmonics. The proposed APF controller forces the supply current to be sinusoidal, with low current harmonics, and to be in phase with the line voltage. The advantages of using MRAC over conventional proportional-integral control are its flexibility, adaptability, and robustness; moreover, MRAC can self-tune the controller gains to assure system stability. Since the APF is a bilinear system, it is hard to design the controller. This paper will solve the stability problem when a linearization method is used to solve the nonlinearity of the system. Moreover, by using Lyapunov's stability theory and Barbalat's lemma, an adaptive law is designed to guarantee an asymptotic output tracking of the system. To verify the proposed APF system, a digital signal controller (dsPIC30F4012) is adopted to implement the algorithm of MRAC, and a 1-kVA laboratory prototype is built to test feasibility. Experimental results are provided to verify the performance of the proposed APF system.

55.1.14    F.L. Tofoli, E.A.A. Coelho, L.C. de Freitas, V.J. Farias, J.B. Vieira, "Proposal of a Soft-Switching Single-Phase Three-Level Rectifier," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 107-113, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper is concerned with the study of a single-phase boost-type three-level rectifier. The converter is supposed to present high input power factor, low current harmonics, low total harmonic distortion, and simple control scheme. In order to minimize switching losses, a passive nondissipative snubber is associated with the aforementioned converter. The theoretical analysis, design procedure, and analytical results regarding a 1.2-kW prototype are presented to validate the proposal.

55.1.15    D.J. Tschirhart, P.K. Jain, "A CLL Resonant Asymmetrical Pulsewidth-Modulated Converter With Improved Efficiency," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 114-122, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a CLL resonant tank fed by an asymmetrical pulsewidth-modulated (APWM) drive train is presented as an attractive option for low-power point-of-use power supplies used in telecom applications. This configuration can guarantee zero-voltage switching (ZVS) for an extended input voltage range of 35-75 V, while significantly reducing the associated conduction loss present in existing topologies. Proper resonant tank design will ensure efficient operation over the entire working range by maintaining ZVS for all line and load conditions, as well as minimizing the conduction loss by decreasing the circulating-current commensurate with load. Analysis of the converter topology is conducted, and a design procedure is presented. Experimental results from a 25-W 48-V/2.5-V proof-of-concept prototype are presented to validate the analysis and simulation results and to highlight the merits of the proposed topology. The proposed converter is shown to provide a 7%-14% efficiency improvement over a reference topology.

55.1.16    Sheng-Yu Tseng, Tsai-Fu Wu, Ming-Wai Wu, "Bipolar Narrow-Pulse Generator With Energy-Recovery Feature for Liquid-Food Sterilization," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 123-132, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a bipolar narrow-pulse generator with energy-recovery feature for liquid-food sterilization. The generator is formed from a bidirectional flyback converter and active-clamp circuits which are further simplified to the proposed topology with the synchronous-switch technique. In the converter, the leakage inductance of the transformer will resonate with the active-clamp capacitors to recover the trapped energy and to reduce switching loss, improving efficiency by about 13%. In addition, the capacitors can reduce voltage stress significantly. Experimental results obtained from a prototype with the output of plusmn6-20 kV, depending on loads, and the peak power of 1.2 MW has confirmed these discussions.

55.1.17    M. Veerachary, "Analysis of Fourth-Order DC–DC Converters: A Flow Graph Approach," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 133-141, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The signal flow graph (SFG) nonlinear modeling approach is well known for modeling DC-DC converters and it is a powerful analysis tool for higher order converter systems. Modeling of several specific fourth-order DC-DC converter circuits have been reported using conventional state-space averaging. Particular emphasis has been given, so far, only to arrive at any of the large, small-signal (SS) and steady-state models but not a generalized one. This paper gives the generalized SFG model of the fourth-order DC-DC converter topology that is useful for generating different types of fourth-order DC-DC converter circuits unified models. Further, it is shown that the deduction of large, SS and steady-state models from these unified SFGs is easy and straightforward. All possible fourth-order DC-DC converter circuits from its generalized topology have been identified and an analysis of a few converter circuits is given here for illustration of the proposed modeling method. Large-signal (LS) models are developed for different topology configurations and are programmed in SIMULINK simulator. LS responses against supply and load disturbances are obtained. Experimental observations are provided to validate the proposed modeling method.

55.1.18    Shun-Chung Wang, Yi-Hwa Liu, "High-Power-Factor Electronic Ballast With Intelligent Energy-Saving Control for Ultraviolet Drinking-Water Treatment Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 142-153, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Over the past few decades, ultraviolet (UV) water treatment has become widely recognized and accepted by regulatory agencies as a proven disinfection process. With the increased awareness of health concerns and water quality, UV disinfection is quickly gaining popularity in the consumer market as a safe, effective, and economical approach to disinfection. In order to disinfect properly, conventional UV water-treatment systems keep their light intensity at maximum level regardless of the operating condition; this results in unnecessary energy waste along with lamp-life-span reduction. In this paper, a new design of high-power-factor low-cost electronic ballast with intelligent control for UV water-treatment system is proposed. For the purposes of energy saving, an intelligent-control algorithm is proposed to dim the luminance of the UV lamp according to the measured water flow rate and UV light intensity. Accurate knowledge of the characteristics of the UV lamps is essential for the ballast design. Therefore, an automatic identification system is also proposed in this paper to obtain the characteristic parameters, which are the dynamic and steady-state profiles of the UV lamps. Systematic design procedures are then presented accordingly. The proposed UV water-treatment system boasts the advantages, such as compactness, low cost, and energy saving, and is suitable for residential users. According to the experimental results, the energy-saving capability of the proposed system is better than 50%.

55.1.19    Tsai-Fu Wu, Yu-Sheng Lai, Jin-Chyuan Hung, Yaow-Ming Chen, "Boost Converter With Coupled Inductors and Buck–Boost Type of Active Clamp," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 154-162, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a boost converter with coupled inductors and a buck-boost type of active clamp. In the converter, the active-clamp circuit is used to eliminate the voltage spike that is induced by the trapped energy in the leakage inductor of the coupled inductors. The active switch in the converter can still sustain a proper duty ratio even under high step-up applications, reducing voltage and current stresses significantly. Moreover, since both main and auxiliary switches can be turned on with zero-voltage switching, switching loss can be reduced, and conversion efficiency therefore can be improved significantly. A 200 W prototype of the proposed boost converter was built, from which experiment results have shown that efficiency can reach as high as 92% and surge can be suppressed effectively. It is relatively feasible for low-input-voltage applications, such as fuel cell and battery power conversion.

55.1.20    P. Zanchetta, D.B. Gerry, V.G. Monopoli, J.C. Clare, P.W. Wheeler, "Predictive Current Control for Multilevel Active Rectifiers With Reduced Switching Frequency," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 163-172, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a new low-frequency predictive current control is proposed for a single-phase cascaded H-bridge multilevel rectifier. The control method has been fully investigated with theoretical analysis, simulation, and experiments on a laboratory prototype with five series-connected H-bridges. However, the analysis and technique are valid for any general level structure. The simulations and experimental results presented demonstrate the excellent performance of the predictive control in terms of AC current waveform quality, power factor, and reduced switching frequency of each bridge, in comparison to traditional control schemes.


Multiphase Systems
55.1.21    G. Franceschini, E. Lorenzani, M. Cavatorta, A. Bellini, "3boost: A High-Power Three-Phase Step-Up Full-Bridge Converter for Automotive Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 173-183, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper describes a simple dc-dc step-up converter topology for switch-mode dc power supplies. The proposed configuration is well suited for high-power applications with battery supply. In the automotive framework, the push-pull architecture is the most widespread. However, as power increases, the use of a full-bridge architecture is mandatory. This paper presents a full-bridge architecture where the traditional single-phase transformer is replaced by a three-phase transformer. A prototype was realized and tested for the power supply of automotive devices. In this environment, one of the most important requirements is the ability to provide a burst of power during short-duration events, together with high-efficiency and high-quality output voltage. The latter constraints can be achieved by only using closed-loop switch-mode dc-dc converters at high switching frequency, thus reducing converter efficiency and creating electromagnetic-compatibility (EMC) problems. In this paper, the aforementioned issues were tackled relying on an open-loop topology. Open-loop converters are feasible if the output resistance of the converter is as low as possible, and a possible solution is the minimization of power losses. The solution is the use of a three-phase transformer with a delta-wye connection within a full-bridge converter topology. The configuration will be referred to as 3boost power supply. The three-phase transformer replaces the common single-phase transformer, and it is driven by a three-phase full-bridge inverter operating in six-step modulation. At secondary, a three-phase full wave diode rectifier is used to obtain the output dc voltage level. Therefore, a unitary transformer utilization factor is achieved. A simple theoretical comparison between the three types of converters-push-pull, conventional full bridge, and 3boost is shown. A low-power version of the converter was realized. Experiments confirm that this topology allows to achieve a high efficiency, a low- er ripple factor, and a good EMC behavior.

55.1.22    R.S. Herrera, P. Salmeron, Hyosung Kim, "Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory Applied to Active Power Filter Compensation: Different Approaches, Assessment, and Experimental Results," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 184-196, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, the five main formulations of the instantaneous reactive power theory have been chosen to study nonlinear load compensation. They are p-q original theory, d-q transformation, modified or cross-product formulation, p-q-r reference frame, and vectorial theory. The obtention of the compensation current according to each formulation has been established. Next, the behavior of an active power filter (APF) that is implemented with those different control algorithms has been studied. On one hand, a simulation platform with control, APF, and load has been built to test them. Results obtained in an unbalanced and nonsinusoidal three-phase four-wire system have been compared by means of the most adequate indexes. On the other hand, the APF control strategies have been implemented in an experimental platform constituted by a 20-kVA power inverter and a 400-MHz digital signal processing controller board. The final analysis shows that, in general, the five theories present a different behavior, which depends on supply voltage, with respect to distortion. However, all of them widely decrease the waveform distortion. Moreover, a more general compensation objective is possible. It obtains balanced and sinusoidal source current in any conditions of the supply voltage.

55.1.23    B. Singh, V. Garg, G. Bhuvaneswari, "Polygon-Connected Autotransformer-Based 24-Pulse AC–DC Converter for Vector-Controlled Induction-Motor Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 197-208, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a novel autotransformer-based 24-pulse AC-DC converter feeding vector-controlled induction motor drives (VCIMDs) for improving power quality at the point of common coupling. The DC-ripple-reinjection technique is used in achieving the pulse multiplication in a 12-pulse AC-DC converter. The design of the proposed autotransformer is given, and necessary modifications are made in it to provide the same output DC voltage as a 6-pulse diode-bridge AC-DC converter to make it suitable for retrofit applications. The proposed 24-pulse AC-DC converter is found capable of suppressing up to the 21st harmonics in the supply current along with the power-factor improvement close to unity in the wide operating range of the drive. A set of power-quality indexes at input AC mains and on DC bus for a VCIMD fed from various AC-DC converters are also given to compare their performance. A prototype of the proposed autotransformer-based 24-pulse AC-DC converter is developed, and test results are presented to validate the developed design procedure and the simulation models of this AC-DC converter under varying loads.

55.1.24    P. Zanchetta, P.W. Wheeler, J.C. Clare, M. Bland, L. Empringham, D. Katsis, "Control Design of a Three-Phase Matrix-Converter-Based AC–AC Mobile Utility Power Supply," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 209-217, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper describes the control analysis and design of an ac-to-ac three-phase mobile utility power supply using a matrix converter capable of high-quality 50-, 60-, and 400-Hz output voltage and reduced input harmonic distortion. Instead of the traditional structure employing a diode bridge rectifier, a dc link and a pulsewidth-modulated inverter, a three-phase-to-three-phase direct ac-ac (matrix) converter has been used as the power-conditioning core of the system, working in conjunction with input and output LC low-pass filters. An optimizing control design method using a genetic algorithm approach has been used, which yields designs to minimize a cost function, taking into account transient and steady-state output voltage performance targets, together with robustness to different operative conditions and system parameters drift. Simulation and experimental tests have demonstrated that the system meets the power-quality requirements of the application.


Renewable Energy Systems
55.1.25    A.K. Jain, V.T. Ranganathan, "Wound Rotor Induction Generator With Sensorless Control and Integrated Active Filter for Feeding Nonlinear Loads in a Stand-Alone Grid," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 218-228, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper describes a vector control scheme for a stand-alone generator based on a wound rotor induction machine with rotor side control. The stand-alone generator refers to an isolated grid feeding a local load. The primary objective of the control scheme is to maintain constant voltage and frequency at the output of the generator irrespective of prime mover speed variation. A novel, simple, and easily implementable sensorless control scheme is proposed. The issue of power quality, which is one of the main concerns of a stand-alone generation system, is also addressed. This is done by incorporating the active filter concept in the control scheme to cancel significant harmonics. A method of unit vector generation for field-oriented control is proposed. A laboratory prototype consisting of back-to-back insulated-gate bipolar transistor converters and a TMS320F240 DSP controller is developed. Detailed experimental results are presented which demonstrate and validate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

55.1.26    Yuang-Shung Lee, Wei-Yen Wang, Tsung-Yuan Kuo, "Soft Computing for Battery State-of-Charge (BSOC) Estimation in Battery String Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 229-239, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a soft computing technique for estimating battery state-of-charge of individual batteries in a battery string is proposed. The soft computing approach uses a fusion of a fuzzy neural network (FNN) with B-spline membership functions (BMFs) and a reduced-form genetic algorithm (RGA). The algorithm is employed to tune both control points of the BMFs and the weights of the FNNs. The traditional multiple-input multiple-output FNN (MIMOFNN) cannot directly be used in this paper. The main reason is that there are too many free parameters in the MIMOFNN to be trained if many inputs are required. In this paper, a merged multiple-input single-output (MISO) FNN is proposed and can be trained by the RGA optimization approach. The merged MISO FNN with RGA (FNNRGA) can achieve faster convergence and lower estimation error than neural networks with the back propagation method. From experimental results, the proposed merged MISO FNNRGA is superior, more robust than the traditional method, and the overfitting suppression features are significantly improved.

55.1.27    Rong-Jong Wai, Wen-Hung Wang, Chung-You Lin, "High-Performance Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Generation System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 240-250, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This study develops a high-performance stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) generation system. To make the PV generation system more flexible and expandable, the backstage power circuit is composed of a high step-up converter and a pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) inverter. In the dc-dc power conversion, the high step-up converter is introduced to improve the conversion efficiency in conventional boost converters to allow the parallel operation of low-voltage PV arrays, and to decouple and simplify the control design of the PWM inverter. Moreover, an adaptive total sliding-mode control system is designed for the voltage control of the PWM inverter to maintain a sinusoidal output voltage with lower total harmonic distortion and less variation under various output loads. In addition, an active sun tracking scheme without any light sensors is investigated to make the PV modules face the sun directly for capturing the maximum irradiation and promoting system efficiency. Experimental results are given to verify the validity and reliability of the high step-up converter, the PWM inverter control, and the active sun tracker for the high-performance stand-alone PV generation system.


Robotics and Mechatronics
55.1.28    K. Gulez, A.A. Adam, H. Pastaci, "Torque Ripple and EMI Noise Minimization in PMSM Using Active Filter Topology and Field-Oriented Control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 251-257, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes an active filter (AF) topology to reduce the torque ripple and harmonic noises in a permanent-magnet synchronous motor. The topology consists of an insulated-gate bipolar transistor AF and two resistance-inductance-capacitance high-pass electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise filters, i.e., one in the primary and the other in the secondary circuit of the coupling 1:1 transformer. The AF is characterized by detecting the harmonics in the motor phase voltages by comparing the measured phase values with the reference voltages generated as a function of the motor parameters and control setting values under field-oriented control. The AF uses the hysteresis voltage control method, while the motor main circuit uses the hysteresis current control method; thus, the two control methods independently work together to provide an almost sinusoidal voltage to the motor windings. The simulation results show total harmonic distortion drops of greater than 13% with EMI noise damping down to ~-10 dB as well as considerable reduction in torque ripple.

55.1.29    Maolin Jin, Sang Hoon Kang, Pyung Hun Chang, "Robust Compliant Motion Control of Robot With Nonlinear Friction Using Time-Delay Estimation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 258-269, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A simple robust compliant-motion-control technique is presented for a robot manipulator with nonlinear friction. The control technique incorporates both time-delay-estimation technique and ideal velocity feedback; the former is used to cancel out soft nonlinearities, and the latter serves to reduce the effect of hard nonlinearities, including Coulomb friction and stiction. The proposed controller has a simple structure and yet provides good online friction compensation without modeling friction. The robustness of the proposed method has been confirmed through comparisons with other controllers in 2-DOF SCARA-type industrial robot experiments.

55.1.30    R.C. Luo, K.L. Su, "Multilevel Multisensor-Based Intelligent Recharging System for Mobile Robot," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 270-279, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Based on the sensor-based detection method, this paper presents an intelligent recharging system for a mobile robot. First, we design a flexible and reasonable intelligent recharging system for the mobile robot. It consists of a recharging station, a recharging device, and an intelligent power-detection module. The recharging station is designed to have 2 DOFs, such that it can move along the a;-axis and rotate about the z-axis. Meanwhile, a mechanism with two guarding poles is designed to provide a connection between the recharging station and the robot. In the recharging device, four power sensors are used to measure the power variety. Meanwhile, the adaptive fusion method is used to detect and diagnose the power-sensor status. Autoprotection circuits are also designed to prevent short and overload conditions during the recharging process. In the intelligent power-detection module, three power sensors are used to measure the power variety, and a redundant-management method is used to detect and diagnose the power-sensor status. The intelligent power-detection module can transmit a decision output to the main controller using an RS232 interface. Then, the main controller can decide an exact output to control the recharging current using a rule-based method. Before practical implementation of the proposed method, computer simulation is performed, and the results show its feasibility. Then, based on the proposed method, different modules are implemented, and the experimental results also verify the feasibility of this method.

55.1.31    K. Matsushita, T. Murakami, "Nonholonomic Equivalent Disturbance Based Backward Motion Control of Tractor-Trailer With Virtual Steering," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 280-287, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper describes a strategy of backward motion control in a tractor-trailer system. The backward motion of a tractor-trailer requires skilled control, because the position and orientation of the trailer can only be controlled by an input to the tractor. When a driver changes orientation while driving backward, the steering angle must be skillfully controlled. This operation is different in the case of a single vehicle moving backward. An uncontrollable situation of a tractor-trailer motion often happens, for example, the "jackknife phenomenon." Such a situation is often induced by the nonholonomic constraint of a wheeled system. In this research, virtual steering is introduced to a trailer. This virtual steering controls the orientation of the trailer and suppresses the nonholonomic equivalent disturbance. With this virtual steering, the tractor-trailer is able to track a straight trajectory in backward driving independently of the nonholonomic constraint. Several numerical and experimental results are shown to confirm the validity of the proposed approach.


Drive Control
55.1.32    I.H. Al-Bahadly, "Examination of a Sensorless Rotor-Position-Measurement Method for Switched Reluctance Drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 288-295, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: There has been widespread research in the area of sensorless rotor-position measurement in switched reluctance (SR) motor drives. However, there is still a lack of detailed stability and accuracy analysis for the sensorless SR drive system. In this paper, a sensorless rotor-position-measurement method for an SR motor drive is presented. The method is based on estimating a particular rotor position on a phase-by-phase basis and measuring the flux linkage and current when the estimated position is reached. By comparing the measured flux linkage with the pre-stored flux linkage corresponding to the particular position for the measured current, the angular difference between the estimated and particular positions can be calculated. The method is applied to two practical systems, the first being a 0.3-kW 10000-r/min three-phase 6/4 SR motor with a variable load, and the second being a 1-kW 1500-r/min three-phase 12/8 SR motor with a fan load. This paper examines the theoretical stability of the measurement and shows that measurement errors are not compounded and act as a variable disturbance to the system. The theoretical accuracy of the measurement is examined and shown to be acceptable.

55.1.33    Tae-Won Chun, Jung-Ryol Ahn, Hong-Hee Lee, Heung-Gun Kim, Eui-Cheol Nho, "A Novel Strategy of Efficiency Control for a Linear Compressor System Driven by a PWM Inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 296-301, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Linear compressors with a free piston driven by a linear motor have attracted wide attention in cooling apparatuses such as refrigerators due to their high efficiency. The method of using triacs as a linear motor drive is not satisfactory for improving the efficiency of linear compressors. In this paper, the performance of linear compressors using a pulsewidth modulation inverter is investigated, with emphasis on the efficiency and power factor along with variations of both mechanical and electrical resonant frequencies. The strategy for improving the efficiency of the linear compressor is suggested by controlling the average value of the product of the piston stroke and motor current to 0. The performance of both the stroke and efficiency controls of the linear compressor is verified through experiments under various gas pressure conditions.

55.1.34    S.W. Chung, K.T. Chau, "A New Compliance Control Approach for Traveling-Wave Ultrasonic Motors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 302-311, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a new approach for compliance control using a traveling-wave ultrasonic motor. Its objective is to demonstrate the effectiveness of using duty ratios and frequencies as control variables for both preload and stiffness control. At the home position, the motor is engaged in a standing-wave mode operation and provides self-locking torque. When the motor is deflected, it is engaged in a traveling-wave mode operation to provide a reacting torque. The torque is varied according to the deflection to provide the desired stiffness. Experiments have confirmed the effectiveness of this method. This approach can also be readily deployed into many force-feedback and haptic applications such as robotic locomotion.

55.1.35    M. Hinkkanen, J. Luomi, "Induction Motor Drives Equipped With Diode Rectifier and Small DC-Link Capacitance," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 312-320, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper deals with sensorless vector-controlled induction motor drives that are fed by a frequency converter that is equipped with a diode front-end rectifier. A small dc-link capacitance is used, which makes it possible to replace the electrolytic capacitors with film capacitors. The natural frequency of the dc link is chosen to be considerably higher than six times the mains frequency but lower than the switching frequency. A recently proposed sensorless controller can be exploited; only minor modifications for small capacitances are needed. The simulation and experimental results of a 2.2-kW drive that is equipped with a capacitance of only 24 demonstrate operation in a wide speed range.

55.1.36    C.A. Hudson, N.S. Lobo, R. Krishnan, "Sensorless Control of Single Switch-Based Switched Reluctance Motor Drive Using Neural Network," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 321-329, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Neural networks (NNs) have proven to be useful in approximating nonlinear systems and in many applications, including motion control. Hitherto, NNs advocated in switched reluctance motor (SRM) control have a large number of neurons in the hidden layer. This has impeded their real-time implementation with DSPs, particularly at high rotational speeds, because of the large number of operations required by the NN controller within a sampling interval. One of the ideal applications of NNs in SRM control is in rotor position estimation using only current and/or voltage signals. Elimination of rotor position sensors is practically mandatory for high-volume, high-speed, and low-cost applications of SRMs, for example, in home appliances such as in vacuum cleaners. In this paper, through simulation and analysis, it is demonstrated that a minimal NN configuration is attainable to implement rotor position estimation in SRM drives. The NN is trained and implemented on an inexpensive DSP microcontroller. NN training data, current, and flux linkage are obtained directly from the system during its operation. Furthermore, the chosen method is implemented on a single-switch-converter-driven SRM with two phases. This configuration of the motor drive is chosen because it is believed that this is the lowest cost variable speed machine system available. Experimental verification of this motor drive system is provided to demonstrate the viability of the proposed approach for the development of low-cost motor drives.

55.1.37    R. Pea, R. Cerdenas, J. Proboste, G. Asher, J. Clare, "Sensorless Control of Doubly-Fed Induction Generators Using a Rotor-Current-Based MRAS Observer," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 330-339, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a new sensorless method for the vector control of doubly-fed induction machines (DFIMs) without using speed sensors or rotor position measurements. The proposed sensorless method is based on the model reference adaptive system (MRAS) estimating the rotor position and speed from the machine rotor currents. The method is appropriate for both stand-alone and grid-connected operation of variable speed DFIMs. To design the MRAS observer with the appropriate dynamic response, a small signal model is derived. The sensitivity of the method for variation in the machine parameters is also analyzed. Speed catching on the fly and synchronization of the doubly-fed induction generator with the utility are also addressed. Experimental results obtained from a 3.5-kW prototype are presented and fully analyzed.

55.1.38    Shinn-Ming Sue, Ching-Tsai Pan, "Voltage-Constraint-Tracking-Based Field-Weakening Control of IPM Synchronous Motor Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 340-347, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, first, the effect of the interior permanent-magnet synchronous-motor (IPMSM) stator resistance to the maximum available motoring or regenerative braking torque is clarified. Then, a drive operating point is interpreted geometrically as the intersecting point of the torque-demand curve with either the maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) trajectory or the voltage-constraint curve inherently imposed by the motor and inverter under different control modes. Based on this principle, a novel voltage-constraint-tracking (VCT) field-weakening control scheme for IPMSM drives is proposed. The proposed method can automatically determine the desired MTPA or field-weakening control modes and provide a smooth transition between these two modes. No machine parameters are required in the field-weakening control mode, and no dc-link voltage sensor is used, rendering the proposed scheme rather robust. In addition, the minimum copper-loss operation can be preserved in the VCT-based control to achieve high efficiency. The proposed control method has a simple structure so that it can easily be implemented by modifying a conventional vector-controlled drive system for practical applications. Finally, a DSP-based prototype drive is constructed to verify the feasibility of the proposed scheme, and some experimental results are provided to demonstrate the satisfactory features.


Signal Processing and Control
55.1.39    A. Kumar, "Computer-Vision-Based Fabric Defect Detection: A Survey," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 348-363, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The investment in an automated fabric defect detection system is more than economical when reduction in labor cost and associated benefits are considered. The development of a fully automated web inspection system requires robust and efficient fabric defect detection algorithms. The inspection of real fabric defects is particularly challenging due to the large number of fabric defect classes, which are characterized by their vagueness and ambiguity. Numerous techniques have been developed to detect fabric defects and the purpose of this paper is to categorize and/or describe these algorithms. This paper attempts to present the first survey on fabric defect detection techniques presented in about 160 references. Categorization of fabric defect detection techniques is useful in evaluating the qualities of identified features. The characterization of real fabric surfaces using their structure and primitive set has not yet been successful. Therefore, on the basis of the nature of features from the fabric surfaces, the proposed approaches have been characterized into three categories; statistical, spectral and model-based. In order to evaluate the state-of-the-art, the limitations of several promising techniques are identified and performances are analyzed in the context of their demonstrated results and intended application. The conclusions from this paper also suggest that the combination of statistical, spectral and model-based approaches can give better results than any single approach, and is suggested for further research.

55.1.40    G. Modrijan, M. Petkovsek, P. Zajec, D. Voncina, "Precision B– H Analyzer With Low THD Secondary Induced Voltage," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 364-370, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper deals with an improved precision B-H analyzer based on a power amplifier (PA) with a feedback loop, which is suitable for measuring B-H curves and losses of soft-magnetic toroidal cores. The theory pertinent to the PA-assisted measurement setup is summarized. The presented system is then upgraded with a correction method that gives it the ability to generate accurate and stable secondary induced voltage independent of load, thus assuring more precise measurements of the magnetic field strength H and consecutive specific core losses. The focus is on the proposed repetitive action control method used to achieve a very precise sinusoidal waveform that reduces the peak H while preserving the amplitude of the secondary induced voltage. Two variants of the control method are presented, and their influence on the output waveform are compared. Reasons for choosing one are stated, and measurements done with the proposed method, which shows a considerable improvement, are presented.

55.1.41    S. Sarma, V.K. Agrawal, S. Udupa, "Software-Based Resolver-to-Digital Conversion Using a DSP," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 371-379, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A simple and cost-effective software-based resolver-to-digital converter using a digital signal processor is presented. The proposed method incorporates software generation of the resolver carrier using a digital filter for synchronous demodulation of the resolver outputs in such a way that there is a substantial savings on hardware like the costly carrier oscillator and associated digital and analog circuits for amplitude demodulators. In addition, because the method does not cause any time delay, the dynamics of the servo control using the scheme are not affected. Furthermore, the method enables the determination of the angle for a complete 360deg shaft rotation with reasonable accuracy using a lookup table that contains entries of only up to 45deg. Computer simulations and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed scheme.

55.1.42    Jin-Hua She, Mingxing Fang, Y. Ohyama, H. Hashimoto, Min Wu, "Improving Disturbance-Rejection Performance Based on an Equivalent-Input-Disturbance Approach," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 380-389, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a new method of improving the disturbance-rejection performance of a servo system based on the estimation of an equivalent input disturbance (EID). First, the concept of EID is defined. Next, the configuration of an improved servo system employing the new disturbance-estimation method is described. Then, a method of designing a control law employing a disturbance estimate is explained. Finally, the speed control of a rotational control system is used to demonstrate the validity of the method, and some design guidelines are presented.

55.1.43    Zi-Jiang Yang, K. Kunitoshi, S. Kanae, K. Wada, "Adaptive Robust Output-Feedback Control of a Magnetic Levitation System by K-Filter Approach," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 390-399, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes an adaptive robust output-feedback controller for the position-tracking problem of a magnetic levitation system with a current-feedback power amplifier. The system is governed by a single-input single-output second-order nonlinear differential equation which is different from the standard output-feedback form, since there is a position-dependent nonlinear uncertainty multiplied by the control input. Only the position measurement is available for control. The controller is designed by a backstepping procedure with a robustifying modification of the conventional K-filter approach. The boundedness and the guaranteed transient performance of the error signals are achieved by the nonlinear damping terms, and the ultimate position-tracking error is reduced by the adaptive laws. Experimental results are included to show the excellent control performance of the designed controller.


Diagnosis and Monitoring
55.1.44    Yaow-Ming Chen, Hsu-Chin Wu, Ming-Wei Chou, Kung-Yen Lee, "Online Failure Prediction of the Electrolytic Capacitor for LC Filter of Switching-Mode Power Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 400-406, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to propose a new method to detect the rise of equivalent series resistor in order to realize the online failure prediction of the electrolytic capacitor for LC filter of switching-mode power converter. Characteristics of electrolytic capacitors are introduced in this paper. Different experimental measurements are conducted and shown to illustrate the properties of electrolytic capacitors. The proposed online failure prediction method has the merits of low cost and circuit simplicity. It can be integrated within the package of the electrolytic capacitor to improve its reliability. Hardware experimental results are shown to verify the performance of the proposed method.

55.1.45    Zhi Gao, T.G. Habetler, R.G. Harley, R.S. Colby, "A Sensorless Rotor Temperature Estimator for Induction Machines Based on a Current Harmonic Spectral Estimation Scheme," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 407-416, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a sensorless rotor temperature estimator for small- to medium-sized mains-fed induction machines. With measurements obtained only from voltage and current sensors, the proposed estimator can capture the rotor temperature online. The rotor speed is first extracted from the stator current harmonic spectrum based on the estimated rotor slot and eccentricity harmonic frequencies. Then the inductances are estimated according to the induction machine equivalent circuit developed from the rotor flux field orientation. The stator winding resistance at ambient temperature is the only motor parameter needed as input in this stage. Once the inductances are obtained, they are fed into the rotor resistance estimation algorithm to yield an estimate of the rotor resistance. Finally, the rotor temperature is calculated from the linear relationship between the temperature and rotor resistance. The experimental results from different motors are shown to validate the proposed algorithms. The whole scheme is efficient and reliable and is therefore suitable for implementation in a motor overload protection relay to provide thermal protection against rotor overheating.


Instrumentation and Sensors
55.1.46    B. Borovic, Ai-Qun Liu, D. Popa, Hong Cai, F.L. Lewis, "Light-Intensity-Feedback-Waveform Generator Based on MEMS Variable Optical Attenuator," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 417-426, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Increasing demands on the dynamical behavior of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices are reaching a point where mechanical design by itself cannot provide further improvements. Alternative approaches based on control theory, such as the open-loop or the closed-loop driving strategies, must be used instead to provide further enhancements in device performance. In this paper, the design of a light-intensity control system for an optical waveform generator is presented. The optical waveform generator is based on the light-modulation ability of MEMS variable optical attenuators (VOA). The VOA is of shutter-insertion type driven by an electrostatic comb drive. The control system consists of an inner position-control loop and an outer light-intensity-control loop. The inner control loop improves the dynamic response of the position of the MEMS electrostatic comb actuator by using position feedback, whereas the outer feedback loop handles both light-intensity regulation and tracking. An experimental setup and a practical system characterization are given. Based on this, the feedback control system is implemented on an actual MEMS VOA. The results verify that the control system proposed in this paper does significantly improve both the accuracy and the dynamical behavior of the existing device.

55.1.47    A.M. Sanchez, R. Prieto, M. Laso, T. Riesgo, "A Piezoelectric Minirheometer for Measuring the Viscosity of Polymer Microsamples," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 427-436, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper describes the electromechanical design, operating principles and performance of a rheometer able to characterize the rheological behavior of microsamples of viscoelastic materials, such as polymer solutions, melt, and rubbers. It was developed with a view to portability, robustness, and ease of operation for very small samples. The rheometer operates by subjecting the samples to small-amplitude sinusoidal strain rates via an inverse piezoelectric actuator and detecting the stress response of the material via a direct piezoelectric sensor. The device operates under frequency-sweep mode in a very wide range of frequencies. Required sample sizes are typically three orders of magnitude smaller than for conventional rheometers. Owing to its lack of moving parts, the rheometer has an extremely simple design and is insensitive to vibration. Measurements on pressure-sensitive adhesives and other polymeric systems are presented and validated against a standard cone-and-plate rheometer.

55.1.48    S. Jemei, D. Hissel, M.-C. Pera, J.M. Kauffmann, "A New Modeling Approach of Embedded Fuel-Cell Power Generators Based on Artificial Neural Network," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 437-447, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Among the various kinds of electrical vehicle (EV) prototypes presented by the car manufacturers, fuel-cell EVs seem to be a very promising solution. Five different fuel-cell technologies are available in the research laboratories. Nevertheless, only two technologies can really be considered for transportation applications due to their solid electrolyte, i.e., proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and solid oxide fuel cells. The PEMFCs are investigated in this paper. When talking about EV design, a simulation model of the whole fuel-cell system is a binding milestone. This would lead in the optimization ability of the complete vehicle (including all ancillaries, output electrical converter, and their dedicated control laws). Nevertheless, the fuel-cell model is strongly dependent on many physicochemical parameters that are difficult to evaluate on a real PEMFC stack. Moreover, the analytical relations governing the behavior of a PEMFC system are also far from being easy. Thus, a ldquominimal behavioral modelrdquo of a fuel-cell system, which is able to evaluate the output variables and their variations, is highly interesting. Artificial neural networks propose a very efficient tool to reach such an aim. In this paper, a PEMFC neural network model is proposed.

55.1.49    H.D. Taghirad, E. Jamei, "Robust Performance Verification of Adaptive Robust Controller for Hard Disk Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 448-456, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: An adaptive robust controller (ARC) has been recently developed for read/write head embedded control systems of hard disk drives (HDDs). This structure is applicable to both track seeking and track following modes, and it makes the mode switching control algorithms found in conventional HDD servosystems unnecessary. An Improved Desired Compensation ARC (IDCARC) scheme is proposed in this paper, in which the traditional ARC is powered by a dynamic adaptive term. In this approach the adaptation regressor is calculated using reference trajectory information. Moreover, a robust analysis of this method is developed, in which a controller designed based on a simple model of the system is verified in a closed loop performance of a more comprehensive model of the system. The simulation result verifies the significant improvement of the performance of IDCARC compared to that of ARC and its robustness for this model. It is observed that in the presence of large disturbances the proposed method preserves the stability and a suitable performance while the ARC fails even in stability.

55.1.50    S. Villwock, M. Pacas, "Application of the Welch-Method for the Identification of Two- and Three-Mass-Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 457-466, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper deals with the measurement of the frequency response of the mechanical part of a drive for the parameter identification of a plant. The system is stimulated by pseudorandom binary signals. The measurement of the frequency response is part of a system identification procedure being carried out during an automatic commissioning of the drive. For the calculation of the frequency response of the mechanics, the Welch-method is applied for spectral analysis. The Welch-method is known from the fields of communications and measurement engineering. This paper addresses the application of this powerful method for the identification of electrical drives. Investigations have pointed out that the pure utilization of conventional identification strategies does not yield satisfying experimental results. Experimental results presented in this paper point out clearly the efficiency and flexibility of the proposed Welch-method. This paper contains many practical aspects and realization details that are important for their implementation on industrial systems. Although in principle, commercial software tools can be utilized for identifying the parameters of the plant, this paper addresses the implementation of the necessary identification algorithms on the embedded control electronics of the drives. The utilization of the Levenberg-Marquardt-algorithm yields excellent results for the identified parameters on the basis of the measured frequency response data.


Letters to the Editor
55.1.51    L. Asiminoaei, P. Rodriguez, F. Blaabjerg, M. Malinowski, "Reduction of Switching Losses in Active Power Filters With a New Generalized Discontinuous-PWM Strategy," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 467-471, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The classical discontinuous pulsewidth modulations (DPWMs) cannot be efficiently applied in active power filters (APFs) because it is difficult to predict the peak values of the inverter current. Consequently, it is difficult to calculate the optimal position of the clamped interval to minimize the switching losses in any operating point. This paper proposes a new DPWM strategy for shunt APFs. The proposed modulation strategy detects the current vector position relative to the inverter voltage reference and determines the optimum clamped duration for each phase, in terms of switching power losses. It achieves a clamped voltage pattern, with variable lengths depending on the magnitude of the inverter current. This property reduces the current stress and minimizes the inverter switching losses. The proposed modulation strategy is described, analyzed, and validated on a three-phase voltage source inverter, rated at 3 kVA, 400 V, controlled as an APF.

55.1.52    Jung-Min Kwon, Woo-Young Choi, Bong-Hwan Kwon, "Cost-Effective Boost Converter With Reverse-Recovery Reduction and Power Factor Correction," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 471-473, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A boost converter with high performance and low cost is proposed for power factor correction. The proposed boost converter reduces the reverse-recovery loss of the diode by adding a simple inductor-diode branch paralleled with the output diode. Detailed analysis and experimental results obtained on a 300-W prototype are discussed.

55.1.53    "Call for papers predictive control of power electronics drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 474-474, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

55.1.54    "Explore IEL IEEE's most comprehensive resource," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 475-475, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

55.1.55    "Order Form for Reprints," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 476-476, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

55.1.56    "IEEE Industrial Electronics Society Information," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. C3-C3, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

55.1.57    "IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics information for authors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. C4-C4, Jan 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

 IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 

Volume 55,  Number 2, Feb 2008           Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE     IE Transactions Home Page



                 Special Section Papers
55.2.1    "Table of Contents," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. C1-478, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

55.2.2    "IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics publication information," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. C2-C2, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

55.2.3    B. FAHIMI, I. BOLDEA, "Guest Editorial," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 479-480, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The 17 papers in this special section focus on electric machinery and adjustable-speed motor drives.

55.2.4    J.W. Finch, D. Giaouris, "Controlled AC Electrical Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 481-491, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The use of AC electrical machines in controlled electrical drive applications is reviewed. The major types of electrical machines are briefly summarized to set the context and establish the physical basis for the control techniques used. Machine properties, which are the key to successful control, can be obscured by the necessary mathematics required for machine analysis and control scheme derivations. The main focus of this paper is on control techniques which are being applied to make AC drives a rapidly growing area. Development of the control is discussed, with concentration on recent trends suitable for practical applications in the industry with good dynamic behavior. A particular feature is the increasing importance of speed or position sensorless techniques.

55.2.5    L.N. Tutelea, Myung Chin Kim, M. Topor, Ju Lee, I. Boldea, "Linear Permanent Magnet Oscillatory Machine: Comprehensive Modeling for Transients With Validation by Experiments," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 492-500, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A linear and respective nonlinear state space model of a linear permanent magnet oscillatory machine is defined and then its parameters are computed from tests. The experiments were performed on two linear machine prototypes, one with interior permanent magnets and flux concentration and the other with surface permanent magnets. The finite element method model, validated on the existing prototype, shows further improvement possibilities of the interior permanent magnet machine. Dynamic tests and simulations with mechanical coupling of the two machines are used to validate the model in motion and on load. Good agreement between theory and tests in terms of various variables, including the linear position measured with a Laser-based transducer, has been observed.

55.2.6    F. Morel, J.-M. Retif, Xuefang Lin-Shi, C. Valentin, "Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Hybrid Torque Control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 501-511, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a control scheme suitable for systems composed of a continuous process modulated in energy by a power converter with a finite number of topologies. To track the continuous reference values, a topology of the power converter is determined from a criterion based on a process state variable model and taking into account the possible topologies of the power converter. The proposed hybrid control scheme is applied to an electrical motor drive composed of an inverter coupled to a permanent magnet synchronous machine. An evolution which insures a fixed modulation frequency is also proposed. Experimental results validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed schemes.

55.2.7    Kyo-Beum Lee, F. Blaabjerg, "Sensorless DTC-SVM for Induction Motor Driven by a Matrix Converter Using a Parameter Estimation Strategy," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 512-521, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a new direct torque controlled space vector modulated method to improve the sensorless performance of matrix converter drives using a parameter estimation scheme. The flux and torque error are geometrically combined in a new flux leakage vector to make a stator command voltage vector in a deadbeat manner. A new sensorless method of estimating the rotor speed, flux, stator resistance, and rotor resistance is derived and verified with experimental results. Common terms in the error dynamics are utilized to find a simpler error model involving some auxiliary variables. Using this error model, the state estimation problem is converted into a parameter estimation problem assuming the rotor speed is constant. The proposed adaptive schemes are determined so that the whole system is stable in the sense of Lyapunov. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified by experiments.

55.2.8    M. Blodt, D. Bonacci, J. Regnier, M. Chabert, J. Faucher, "On-Line Monitoring of Mechanical Faults in Variable-Speed Induction Motor Drives Using the Wigner Distribution," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 522-533, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper deals with the detection of mechanical load faults in induction motors during speed transients. The detection strategy is based on stator current analysis. Mechanical load faults generally lead to load torque oscillations at specific frequencies related to the mechanical rotor speed. The torque oscillations produce a characteristic sinusoidal phase modulation of the stator current. Speed transients result in time-varying supply frequencies that prevent the use of classical, Fourier transform-based spectral estimation. This paper proposes the use of a time-frequency distribution, the Wigner Distribution, for stator current analysis. Fault indicators are extracted from the distribution for on-line condition monitoring. The proposed methods are implemented on a low-cost digital signal processor. Experimental results in a steady-state and during transients with load torque oscillations and load imbalance are presented.

55.2.9    Hong Sun Lim, R. Krishnan, N.S. Lobo, "Design and Control of a Linear Propulsion System for an Elevator Using Linear Switched Reluctance Motor Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 534-542, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Linear switched reluctance motors (LSRMs) for the primary propulsion of a ship elevator is proposed and investigated for the first time in this paper. To achieve the stated objective, a new type of LSRM is proposed with twin stators and a translator between them with no back iron in the translator. The proposed configuration of the LSRM is designed, simulated, analyzed, compared with traditional LSRMs, and verified by experimental measurements. The number of LSRM propulsion subsystems required is studied with a view to minimize their weights and an optimization study for that purpose is developed. Unique placement of the LSRM propulsion systems on the elevator is presented. The propulsion force is generated using one phase or multiphase excitation. To reduce propulsion force pulsations, a major requirement in elevators, controlled multiphase excitation using one of the known force distribution functions (FDF) is an acceptable solution. In this paper, it is proved that the currently available FDFs are able to reduce the force pulsations but are not able to meet the peak force command for the system. Consequently, the velocity and position control do not meet even the elementary performance requirements any more. A new FDF is proposed in this paper and presented to overcome the problem caused by a conventional FDF. The control system with the proposed FDF is derived and integrated into velocity and position controllers. Extensive dynamic simulation and experimental verification of the proposed LSRM with the novel FDF is proved to give superior performance in this paper. Such high performance capable of meeting vertical elevator applications is demonstrated.

55.2.10    D. Giaouris, J.W. Finch, O.C. Ferreira, R.M. Kennel, G.M. El-Murr, "Wavelet Denoising for Electric Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 543-550, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Signal identification is a common problem in electric drive applications. This paper proposes the use of wavelet transforms to extract and identify specific frequency components. Initially, current measurements from a constant voltage/hertz application are filtered using various wavelets and the results compared with conventional filtering methods. A pseudoadaptive denoising method is then proposed based on wavelets which adjust the level of decomposition depending on the rotor speed. Finally, wavelets are used in a high frequency injection speed estimation scheme and shown to be superior to conventional methods in such cases, where the useful information may be at higher frequency and have imprecise frequency components. Experimental and simulated results verify these statements.

55.2.11    Da Zhang, Hui Li, "A Stochastic-Based FPGA Controller for an Induction Motor Drive With Integrated Neural Network Algorithms," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 551-561, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper applies stochastic theory to the design and implementation of field-oriented control of an induction motor drive using a single field-programmable gate array (FPGA) device and integrated neural network (NN) algorithms. Normally, NNs are characterized as heavily parallel calculation algorithms that employ enormous computational resources and are less useful for economical digital hardware implementations. A stochastic NN structure is proposed in this paper for an FPGA implementation of a feedforward NN to estimate the feedback signals in an induction motor drive. The stochastic arithmetic simplifies the computational elements of the NN and significantly reduces the number of logic gates required for the proposed NN estimator. A new stochastic proportional-integral speed controller is also developed with antiwindup functionality. Compared with conventional digital controls for motor drives, the proposed stochastic-based algorithm enhances the arithmetic operations of the FPGA, saves digital resources, and permits the NN algorithms and classical control algorithms to be easily interfaced and implemented on a single low-complexity, inexpensive FPGA. The algorithm has been realized using a single FPGA XC3S400 from Xilinx, Inc. A hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test platform using a Real Time Digital Simulator is built in the laboratory. The HIL experimental results are provided to verify the proposed FPGA controller.

55.2.12    P.G. Kini, R.C. Bansal, R.S. Aithal, "Performance Analysis of Centrifugal Pumps Subjected to Voltage Variation and Unbalance," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 562-569, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Frequent variation of single-phase loads on power system networks results in voltage fluctuations and imbalance at consumer terminals. The application of such fluctuating voltages to operate centrifugal loads causes large variations in system performance. As a consequence, the incorporation of large safety factors have resulted in efficiency of pumping operations being less than 50% in most cases. However, small improvements in pump efficiency can lead to a significant reduction in energy consumption, and at the same time energy usage can be optimized. The operating point of a pump is obtained when the system curve intersects the pump curve. Variation in applied voltages leads to variation in the operating point, leading to inefficiency of system operation. This paper presents the impact of voltage variation and imbalance on the working performance of an induction motor-driven centrifugal pump system with an experimental study. Both overvoltage and undervoltage conditions along with phase imbalance were considered for analysis.

55.2.13    A. Piippo, M. Hinkkanen, J. Luomi, "Analysis of an Adaptive Observer for Sensorless Control of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 570-576, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper deals with a speed and position estimation method for the sensorless control of permanent magnet synchronous motors. The method is based on a speed-adaptive observer. The dynamics of the system are analyzed by linearizing both the motor model and the observer, and the observer gain is selected to give improved damping and noise suppression. At low speeds, the observer is augmented with a signal injection technique, providing stable operation down to zero speed. The experimental results, obtained using a 2.2-kW interior magnet motor, are in agreement with the results of the analysis.

55.2.14    C. Zwyssig, S.D. Round, J.W. Kolar, "An Ultrahigh-Speed, Low Power Electrical Drive System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 577-585, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: New emerging applications in the areas of portable power generation, small turbocompressors and spindles require the development of ultrahigh-speed, low power electrical drives. A 500 000 r/min, 100 W electrical drive system is presented. Because of the ultrahigh-speed requirements, standard machine design and power electronic topology choices no longer apply and the complete drive system has to be considered. A permanent magnet machine with a slotless litz-wire winding is used, which results in a low motor inductance and a high fundamental machine frequency. Three different combinations of power electronic topologies and commutation strategies have been experimentally investigated. A voltage source inverter with block commutation and an additional dc-dc converter is selected as the most optimal choice for the power electronics interface as it results in the lowest volume of the entire drive system due to lower switching losses, no heat sink cooling required, a small number of semiconductor devices, and relatively simple control implementation in a low cost digital signal processor.

55.2.15    F. Zidani, D. Diallo, M. El Hachemi Benbouzid, R. Nait-Said, "A Fuzzy-Based Approach for the Diagnosis of Fault Modes in a Voltage-Fed PWM Inverter Induction Motor Drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 586-593, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper investigates the use of fuzzy logic for fault detection and diagnosis in a pulsewidth modulation voltage source inverter (PWM-VSI) induction motor drive. The proposed fuzzy technique requires the measurement of the output inverter currents to detect intermittent loss of firing pulses in the inverter power switches. For diagnosis purposes, a localization domain made with seven patterns is built with the stator Concordia current vector. One is dedicated to the healthy domain and the six others to each inverter power switch. The fuzzy bases of the proposed technique are extracted from the current analysis of the fault modes in the PWM-VSI. Experimental results on a 1.5-kW induction motor drive are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed fuzzy approach.

55.2.16    S. Maiti, C. Chakraborty, Y. Hori, M.C. Ta, "Model Reference Adaptive Controller-Based Rotor Resistance and Speed Estimation Techniques for Vector Controlled Induction Motor Drive Utilizing Reactive Power," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 594-601, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a detailed study on the model reference adaptive controller (MRAC) utilizing the reactive power is presented for the online estimation of rotor resistance to maintain proper flux orientation in an indirect vector controlled induction motor drive. Selection of reactive power as the functional candidate in the MRAC automatically makes the system immune to the variation of stator resistance. Moreover, the unique formation of the MRAC with the instantaneous and steady-state reactive power completely eliminates the requirement of any flux estimation in the process of computation. Thus, the method is less sensitive to integrator-related problems like drift and saturation (requiring no integration). This also makes the estimation at or near zero speed quite accurate. Adding flux estimators to the MRAC, a speed sensorless scheme is developed. Simulation and experimental results have been presented to confirm the effectiveness of the technique.

55.2.17    L. Parsa, Lei Hao, "Interior Permanent Magnet Motors With Reduced Torque Pulsation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 602-609, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, three-phase interior permanent magnet brushless DC motors are analyzed. The effect of magnetization direction, number of stator slots, winding distribution, skew angle, current waveform, and advance angle on torque pulsation is examined. Finite element method is used to calculate the torque, reluctance torque, back iron flux density, tooth flux density, detent torque, and back electromotive force of the motors. Switching instants are calculated such that the reluctance torque can be utilized and maximum torque with reduced pulsation is achieved. Experimental results to support the simulation findings are included in this paper.

55.2.18    B. Akin, U. Orguner, H.A. Toliyat, M. Rayner, "Low Order PWM Inverter Harmonics Contributions to the Inverter-Fed Induction Machine Fault Diagnosis," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 610-619, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, the effects of inverter harmonics on motor current fault signatures are studied in detail. It is theoretically and experimentally shown that the fault signatures caused by the inverter harmonics are similar and comparable to those generated by the fundamental harmonic on the line current. Theoretically-derived extended relations including bearing fault, eccentricity, and broken rotor bar relations are found to match experimental results. Furthermore, it is observed and reported that the asymmetries on the rotor caused by broken rotor bars increase the amplitude of even harmonics. To confirm these claims, bearing, eccentricity, and broken rotor bar faults are tested and the line current spectrum of each faulty motor is compared with the healthy one. The proposed additional fault data are expected to contribute positively to the inverter-fed motor fault decision making algorithms.

55.2.19    M. Barut, S. Bogosyan, M. Gokasan, "Experimental Evaluation of Braided EKF for Sensorless Control of Induction Motors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 620-632, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Temperature- and frequency-dependent variations of the rotor (R'r) and stator (Rs) resistances pose a challenge in the accurate estimation of flux and velocity in the sensorless control of induction motors (IMs) over a wide speed range. Solutions have been sought to the problem by signal injection and/or by the use of different algorithms for the different parameters and states of the same motor. In this paper, a novel Extended-Kalman-Filter (EKF)-based estimation technique is developed for the solution of the problem based on the consecutive operation of two EKF algorithms at every time step. The proposed ldquobraidedrdquo EKF technique is experimentally tested under challenging parameter and load variations in a wide speed range, including low speed. The results demonstrate a significantly increased accuracy in the estimation of Rs and R'r, as well as load torque, flux, and velocity in transient and steady state, when compared with single EKFs or other approaches taken to estimate these parameters and states in the sensorless control of IMs. The improved results also motivate the utilization of the new estimation approach in combination with a variety of control methods which depend on accurate knowledge of a high number of parameters and states.

55.2.20    J. Cusido, L. Romeral, J.A. Ortega, J.A. Rosero, A. Garcia Espinosa, "Fault Detection in Induction Machines Using Power Spectral Density in Wavelet Decomposition," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 633-643, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Motor-current-signature analysis has been successfully used in induction machines for fault diagnosis. The method, however, does not always achieve good results when the speed or the load torque is not constant, because this causes variations on the motor-slip and fast Fourier transform problems appear due to a nonstationary signal. This paper proposes a new method for motor fault detection, which analyzes the spectrogram based on a short-time Fourier transform and a further combination of wavelet and power-spectral-density (PSD) techniques, which consume a smaller amount of processing power. The proposed algorithms have been applied to detect broken rotor bars as well as shorted turns. Besides, a merit factor based on PSD is introduced as a novel approach for condition monitoring, and a further implementation of the algorithm is proposed. Theoretical development and experimental results are provided to support the research.


Single-Phase Electronics
55.2.21    Wu Chen, Xinbo Ruan, "Zero-Voltage-Switching PWM Hybrid Full-Bridge Three-Level Converter With Secondary-Voltage Clamping Scheme," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 644-654, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A hybrid full-bridge (H-FB) three-level (TL) converter can realize zero-voltage-switching for switches with the use of resonant inductance (including the leakage inductance of the transformer) and intrinsic capacitors of the switches. As it can operate in three-level and two-level (2L) modes, the secondary rectified voltage is always close to the output voltage over the input-voltage range; thus, the output filter requirement is significantly less. Meanwhile, the voltage stress of the rectifier diodes can also be reduced. Therefore, the H-FB TL converter is very attractive for wide input-voltage-range applications. However, there is a serious voltage oscillation across the rectifier diodes caused by reverse recovery like the Buck-derived converters. In this paper, two clamping diodes are introduced to the H-FB TL converter to eliminate the voltage oscillation across the rectifier diodes. The arrangement of the positions of the resonant inductance and the transformer is discussed. The operation principle of the proposed converter is analyzed in details. A 1.2-kW prototype was built and tested in the laboratory to verify the operation of the proposed converter.

55.2.22    Ben-Sheng Chen, Yuan-Yih Hsu, "A Minimal Harmonic Controller for a STATCOM," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 655-664, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a novel controller with fixed modulation index (MI) and variable dc capacitor voltage reference to minimize voltage and current harmonics is presented for a distribution static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). The STATCOM with the proposed controller consists of a three-phase voltage-sourced inverter and a dc capacitor and is used to provide reactive power compensation and regulate ac system bus voltage with minimum harmonics. A systematic design procedure based on pole-zero cancellation, root locus method, and pole assignment method has been developed to determine proper parameters for the current regulator, the dc voltage controller, and the ac voltage controller of the STATCOM. With the proposed STATCOM controller, harmonic distortions in the inverter output current and voltage can be reduced since the MI is held constant at unity in steady state. In addition, a fast adjustment in the STATCOM output reactive power is achieved to regulate the ac bus voltage through the adjustment of the dc voltage reference during the transient period. Simulation and experimental results for the steady-state operating condition and transient operating conditions for the system subjected to a reactive current reference step change, a three-phase line to neutral fault, and a step load change are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.

55.2.23    M.K.H. Cheung, M.H.L. Chow, C.K. Tse, "Practical Design and Evaluation of a 1 kW PFC Power Supply Based on Reduced Redundant Power Processing Principle," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 665-673, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Using the reduced redundant power processing (R2P2) principle, a single-phase power-factor correction (PFC) power supply can achieve a higher overall efficiency as a result of the use of a noncascading structure that involves less repeated processing of the input power. This paper investigates a single-phase noncascading PFC power supply based on the R2P2 principle. The circuit employs a current-fed full-bridge converter as the PFC preregulator, and a buck-boost converter as the voltage regulator. This paper addresses the design of this noncascading PFC power supply and in particular the relationships between the gained efficiency, the transient response and the size of the energy storage. Experimental results obtained from a 1 kW laboratory prototype are presented.

55.2.24    Huang-Jen Chiu, Tzu-Herng Song, Shih-Jen Cheng, Chia-Hsing Li, Yu-Kang Lo, "Design and Implementation of a Single-Stage High-Frequency HID Lamp Electronic Ballast," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 674-683, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: We present a single-stage electronic ballast with a high power factor feature for driving high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps. A new frequency-modulation technique is proposed to eliminate the acoustic resonance problem in HID lamps under high-frequency operation. The proposed method has the merits of simple circuit and low cost; thus, it is suitable for use in commercial applications. The conducted emission caused by the high-frequency electronic ballast can be also effectively reduced. The operating principles and design considerations of the proposed electronic ballast are analyzed and discussed in detail. A 35-W laboratory prototype is designed and implemented. Simulation and experimental waveforms are given to verify the feasibility of the proposed method. The results are satisfactory.

55.2.25    Guanghai Gong, H. Ertl, J.W. Kolar, "Novel Tracking Power Supply for Linear Power Amplifiers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 684-698, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Conventional linear power amplifiers (LPAs) show a high output voltage quality but are characterized by high power losses and/or low power density. Therefore, there is a growing interest in increasing the efficiency of LPAs, e.g., for the realization of high power testing voltage sources. In this paper, a high-frequency isolated boost-type tracking power supply (TPS) system is proposed for the conditioning of the input voltage of an LPA. The output voltage of the TPS is varied according to the voltage to be formed by the LPA so that the voltage drop across the power amplifier output transistors is reduced to low values. This results in a significant increase of the total system efficiency. The operating principle of the proposed system is described. A design method for the output filter using the power supply rejection ratio of the LPA is proposed. This method ensures that the amplifier output voltage has minimal switching frequency components. Furthermore, a control system design method is presented that ensures good performance in the control of the constant inductor current of the switch-mode tracking stage. Finally, the theoretical considerations are verified by measurements on a 1-kW laboratory prototype.

55.2.26    Lee Jong-Jae, Kwon Jung-Min, Kim Eung-Ho, Kwon Bong-Hwan, "Dual Series-Resonant Active-Clamp Converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 699-710, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A dual series-resonant active-clamp dc-dc converter is proposed to obtain high efficiency. The proposed converter employs an active-clamp technique, while a series-resonant scheme controls the output voltage with the complementary pulsewidth modulation controller. The active-clamp circuit serves to recycle the energy stored in the leakage inductance or the magnetizing inductance and provides zero-voltage turn-on switching. The voltage stresses of the main switch are clamped. Moreover, the proposed dual series-resonant circuit provides two resonant-current paths formed by the leakage inductance and the output resonant capacitors, and a zero-current turn-off switching of diodes is achieved by its dual resonance. In addition, voltage stresses of the output diodes are clamped to the output voltage. Thus, the proposed active-clamp dc-dc converter using a dual series-resonant circuit is analyzed and optimized for high power efficiency. Experimental results for a 400 W dc-dc converter at a constant switching frequency of 100 kHz are obtained to show the performance of the proposed converter.

55.2.27    C.B. Nascimento, A.J. Perin, "High Power Factor Electronic Ballast for Fluorescent Lamps With Reduced Input Filter and Low Cost of Implementation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 711-721, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: An electronic ballast employing the voltage source-charge pump power factor correction concept is presented in this paper. Such characteristics as reliability, simplicity, and a small number of components are found in this electronic ballast. From the developed mathematical analysis, the unity power factor condition is obtained. Experimental results for a prototype applying the developed methodology to two 40-W lamps, using a fixed frequency drive, and to a second prototype with two 40-W lamps, using a self-oscillating drive, prove the efficiency of the proposed electronic ballast.

55.2.28    A. Nasiri, Zhong Nie, S.B. Bekiarov, A. Emadi, "An On-Line UPS System With Power Factor Correction and Electric Isolation Using BIFRED Converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 722-730, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents the design consideration and performance analysis of an on-line, low-cost, high performance, and single-phase uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system based on a boost integrated flyback rectifier/energy storage dc/dc (BIFRED) converter. The system consists of an isolated ac/dc BIFRED converter, a bidirectional dc/dc converter, and a dc/ac inverter. It provides input power factor correction, electric isolation of the input from the output, low battery voltage, and control simplicity. Unlike conventional UPS topologies, the electrical isolation is provided using a high frequency transformer that results in a smaller size and lower cost. Detailed circuit operation, analysis, as well as simulation and experiment results are presented. A novel digital control technique is also presented for UPS inverter control. This controller follows the reference current and voltage of the inverter with a delay of two and four sampling periods, respectively.

55.2.29    M.P. Theodoridis, S.V. Mollov, "Robust MOSFET Driver for RF, Class-D Inverters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 731-740, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The gate driver presented here allows the operation of a half-bridge resonant inverter at 13.56 MHz using standard package switching devices. Similar to other sinusoidal drivers, it inherently provides dead time between conduction of the power devices and consumes relatively low power with respect to square wave drivers. One advantage of the presented topology is that it exhibits high tolerance of the Miller effect of the driven devices and can therefore drive high capacitance, low-cost MOSFETs at radio frequencies. Another advantage of this driver is that it uses modestly rated devices. The concepts developed in this paper are demonstrated with two 13.56 MHz, 300 W/500 W prototype inverters with efficiencies above 85%.

55.2.30    Sheng-Yu Tseng, Tsai-Fu Wu, Yaow-Ming Chen, "Wide Pulse Combined With Narrow-Pulse Generator for Food Sterilization," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 741-748, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a wide pulse combined with a narrow-pulse generator for solid-food sterilization. The proposed generator is composed of a full-bridge converter in phase-shift control to generate a high dc-link voltage and a full-bridge inverter associated with an L-C network and a transformer to generate wide pulses combined with narrow pulses. These combined pulses can prevent undesired strong air arcing in free space, reduce power consumption, and save power components, while sterilizing food effectively. The converter and inverter can be operated at high frequencies and with pulse width-modulation control; thus, its weight and size can be reduced significantly, and its efficiency can correspondingly be improved. Experimental results obtained from a prototype with plusmn10-kV wide pulses combined with plusmn10-kV narrow pulses and with 10- to 50-kW peak output power, depending on pulsewidth of the output pulses, have demonstrated its feasibility.

55.2.31    Chien-Ming Wang, "A Novel ZCS-PWM Flyback Converter With a Simple ZCS-PWM Commutation Cell," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 749-757, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a novel zero-current-switching pulsewidth-modulation (ZCS-PWM) flyback dc/dc converter using a simple ZCS-PWM commutation cell. The main switch and auxiliary switch operate at ZCS turn-on and turn-off conditions, and all uncontrolled devices in the proposed converter operate at zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) turn-on and turn-off. In addition, given constant frequency and decreasing commutation losses, the proposed converter has no additional current stress and conduction loss in the main switch compared to the conventional hard switching flyback converter. The averaging approach is used to estimate and examine the steady-state of the proposed converter. The principle of operation, theoretical analysis, and experimental results of the new ZCS-PWM flyback converter, rated 150 W and operating at 80 kHz, are provided in this paper to verify the performance of the proposed converter.

55.2.32    Chien-Ming Wang, Ching-Hung Su, Maoh-Chin Jiang, Yan-Chun Lin, "A ZVS-PWM Single-Phase Inverter Using a Simple ZVS-PWM Commutation Cell," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 758-766, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A new zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) single-phase inverter using a simple ZVS-PWM commutation cell is presented in this paper. Except for the auxiliary switches, all switching devices in the ZVS-PWM single-phase inverter operate at ZVS turn on and turn off. The auxiliary switches operate at zero-current-switching turned-on and turned-off. Besides operating at constant frequency, the proposed inverter has no overvoltage across the switches on the main switch compared to the hard switching inverter counterpart. Auxiliary components rated at very small current are used. The principle of operation, theoretical analysis, and experimental results of the new ZVS-PWM single-phase inverter, rated 1 kW and operated at 40 kHz, are provided in this paper to verify the performance.

55.2.33    Chau-Shing Wang, "Flicker-Insensitive Light Dimmer for Incandescent Lamps," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 767-772, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a new dimmer that does not amplify light flicker in incandescent lamps. The development of this new dimmer is motivated by the fact that the incandescent lamp is very sensitive to voltage fluctuation and the typical R-C -circuit dimmer for incandescent lamps amplifies the light flicker considerably. The proposed method utilizes a 16-b microcontroller to calculate the fluctuation voltage and determine the appropriate firing angle for a power switch device in the circuit of the dimmer. The mathematical model and simulation of the incandescent lamp with the proposed dimmer are also presented. By dynamically adjusting the firing angle to compensate for the voltage, the proposed dimmer can substantially diminish the light flicker. Furthermore, a series of experiments on this dimmer has been made to test its performance, and the results demonstrate a remarkable reduction in amplifying effect of light flicker.

55.2.34    Xinke Wu, Junming Zhang, Xin Ye, Zhaoming Qian, "Analysis and Derivations for a Family ZVS Converter Based on a New Active Clamp ZVS Cell," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 773-781, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A new zero voltage switching (ZVS) cell is proposed based on the active clamping technique. With a small clamping diode in the cell, the voltage ringing caused by the auxiliary inductor and the parasitic capacitance of the diode is eliminated, and therefore, the circulating loss is minimized. A new ZVS boost converter is presented and analyzed in detail to demonstrate the operating principle of the new ZVS cell. A new family of ZVS dc-dc converters can be derived based on the proposed ZVS cell and typical nonisolated dc-dc converters. A 500 W/190 kHz ZVS boost prototype is made to verify the analysis.

55.2.35    Kang-Hyun Yi, Sang-Kyoo Han, Seong-Wook Choi, Chong-Eun Kim, Gun-Woo Moon, "A Simple and Highly Efficient Energy Recovery Circuit for a Plasma Display Panel (PDP)," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 782-790, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A simple and highly efficient energy recovery circuit (ERC) for a plasma display panel (PDP) is proposed. The main concept of the proposed circuit is the use of the current source type to charge and discharge the panel. As a result, all H-bridge switches can achieve zero voltage switching and every auxiliary switch can also do zero current switching. Moreover, since the inductor current can compensate for the large gas-discharge current, current stress in the main H-bridge switches can be reduced. Although the current source type is used to recover energy in the PDP, there is also very low freewheeling current. This means that the proposed ERC has higher efficiency, a simpler structure, less mass, less cost, and lower electromagnetic interference than those of many prior circuits.


Multiphase Systems
55.2.36    T. Nussbaumer, M.L. Heldwein, Guanghai Gong, S.D. Round, J.W. Kolar, "Comparison of Prediction Techniques to Compensate Time Delays Caused by Digital Control of a Three-Phase Buck-Type PWM Rectifier System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 791-799, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The digital control of a three-phase three-switch buck-type rectifier system is analyzed in this paper. Three main sources of time delays in the control loop can be identified for the implementation on a digital signal processor (DSP): 1) the delay time due to the sampling of the control quantities; 2) the one due to the calculation time of the DSP; and 3) the one due to the sample-and-hold function of the pulsewidth modulator. Using the buck-type system as an example, the influence of the time delay on the stability of the inner current control loop is discussed, and two prediction methods for time-delay compensation, i.e., a linear prediction and the Smith prediction, are comparatively evaluated. The control performance and the effect of the delay times and the prediction methods are shown by simulation results and through measurements on a 5-kW prototype.

55.2.37    Sheng-Yu Tseng, Tsai-Fu Wu, Shu-Yuan Fan, "Generation of Multiphase Pulsed Voltages for Transdermal Drug Delivery," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 800-808, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper first reviews the mechanism of transdermal drug delivery (TDD) and then presents the method for generating multiphase pulsed voltages (MPPVs) for TDD applications. In TDD applications, it offers many potential advantages over conventional methods, such as oral and injection treatments, and it avoids drug degradation through the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Due to the energy stored in an equivalent capacitor of human skin which is about 30% of the total energy consumption, a full-bridge type of converter is designed to recover this energy, and additionally, it is equipped with a soft-switching cell to achieve a zero-voltage switching or a zero-current switching, improving the efficiency of about 20%. The overall system needs only a set of soft-switching cells to achieve a soft-switching feature even though it can generate sets of pulsed voltages, reducing size and cost significantly. Moreover, the MPPVs are introduced to further improve the effectiveness of drug delivery. Experimental results from the TDD application with a 150-V output voltage and a 110-W peak power have demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed generator.

55.2.38    P.W. Wheeler, J.C. Clare, M. Apap, K.J. Bradley, "Harmonic Loss Due to Operation of Induction Machines From Matrix Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 809-816, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper quantifies the extra harmonic losses in an induction motor that are associated with the use of a matrix converter topology as a motor drive. These extra losses are compared to the harmonic losses associated with an inverter-based motor drive. The technique employed in the determination of the harmonic losses is described. For the matrix converter, the extra harmonic losses associated with two commonly used modulation techniques are calculated and compared. The impact of these extra losses on the cooling requirements and operation of the motor is considered.

55.2.39    Wong Leung-Pong, Lee Yim-Shu, M.H.L. Chow, D.K.-W. Cheng, "A Four-Phase Forward Converter Using an Integrated Transformer," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 817-831, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The interleaved converter topology has attractive features that include high output current, small output-current ripple, and fast transient response. In this paper, an interleaved four-phase forward converter using an integrated transformer is proposed for telecommunication and computer applications. The proposed converter requires only one integrated transformer instead of four step-down transformers. The z-parameter (gyrator) model and the equivalent-circuit model of the integrated transformer are derived. The circuit operation and design criteria are described. Theoretical analyses are verified by simulated and experimental results.


Robotics and Mechatronics
55.2.40    W.L. Xu, J.-S. Pap, J. Bronlund, "Design of a Biologically Inspired Parallel Robot for Foods Chewing," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 832-841, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: To quantitatively assess food texture changes and/or masticatory efficiency during chewing, the jaw movements and chewing/biting forces must be measured. For this purpose, a robotic solution has been proposed to reproduce the human chewing behavior. The chewing robot of parallel mechanism is based on the biological finding that the mandible is pivoted at the temporomandibular joints and driven by groups of muscles for opening and closing of the mouth. This paper reviews the biomechanics of the mastication system, defines the kinematical mechanism of the chewing robot, and describes the design of the actuation systems. With a linear actuator for a muscle group of mastication, its spatial placement between the mandible or moving plate and the maxilla or ground plate follows the line of action and attachment sites of the muscle. The design requirements for each actuation system are mainly specified as the actuation range, velocity, and acceleration, and the actuation force, which are determined by inverse kinematics analysis via a simulation software and the jaw force analysis via Pythagorean theorem, respectively. A design of the physical linear actuation, which is made up of a rotary motor, a gear reduction train, and a leadscrew, is presented, whereas the challenges are discussed for building the entire chewing robot.

55.2.41    Ding Yuan, T. Chang, "Model Reference Input Shaper Design With Applications to a High-Speed Robotic Workcell With Variable Loads," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 842-851, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, the model reference zero vibration (MRZV) control design is introduced to improve transient performance of robotic manipulators. MRZV consists of a zero vibration (ZV) shaper as the feedforward control while utilizing model reference control to improve robustness and performance under plant model parameter variations. Performance analysis of the MRZV control is given in terms of residual vibration and it is shown that MRZV can tolerate significantly larger plant model variations while maintaining the performance characteristics compared to standard shaper designs such as ZV and ZV and Derivative. A synthesis procedure is provided for the MRZV method to guarantee a prespecified level of residual vibration. Experimental verifications based on a standard cycle time test are carried out on an Adept Technology Cartesian robot. Results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Motors and Actuators
55.2.42    A. Chiba, D. Akamatsu, T. Fukao, M. Azizur Rahman, "An Improved Rotor Resistance Identification Method for Magnetic Field Regulation in Bearingless Induction Motor Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 852-860, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Bearingless induction motors have combined characteristics of an induction motor and magnetic bearings. Bearingless induction motors tend to suffer from the influence of rotor resistance variation under field-oriented control because magnetic suspension is sensitive to magnetic field rotational position error. In this paper, a novel rotor resistance identification technique based on variables in the magnetic suspension control loop is proposed. The rotor resistance is identified from suspension force command variations under static force generation by suspending an external shaft weight. Thus, a real-time on-line identification of the rotor resistance variation arising out of loading and temperature changes is possible with the regulation of magnetic field direction.

55.2.43    P.M. dos Santos Dias de Moraes, A.J. Perin, "An Electronic Control Unit for Reducing Contact Bounce in Electromagnetic Contactors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 861-870, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: With the increasing concern on reliability and life span of electromagnetic contactors, manufacturers are now providing devices equipped with electronic control units, in an effort to reduce problems associated with contact bounce, such as contact wear, excessive heating, contact welding, etc. The addition of a control unit, however, brings increased costs both in the development and production of this new generation of contactors. Considering this, a cost-effective microcontroller-based electronic control module is proposed. Some fundamental equations are reviewed, and the most important aspects of the control algorithms employed are discussed. Finally, experimental results are presented.


Drive Control
55.2.44    Rong-Jong Wai, Jeng-Dao Lee, "Comparison of Voltage-Source Resonant Driving Schemes for a Linear Piezoelectric Ceramic Motor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 871-879, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Linear piezoelectric actuators are innovative manipulators that have shown a high potential in applications requiring operation within the submicrometer or even the nanometer range. The driving principle of a linear piezoelectric ceramic motor (LPCM) is based on the ultrasonic vibration force of piezoelectric ceramic elements and mechanical frictional force. Therefore, its dynamic model is complex, and the motor parameters are time varying due to increasing temperature and changing motor drive operating conditions, so that it is difficult to design a suitable driving strategy for the LPCM. This paper presents a comparative study of three voltage-source resonant driving schemes, including an inductance-capacitance (LC) resonant inverter, an .LLCC-resonant inverter, and an LC-resonant inverter with energy feedback for the LPCM. The effectiveness of the reported driving strategies is verified by numerical analyses and experimental results under the variation of loads. By way of experimental validation, the newly designed -LC-resonant inverter with energy feedback for driving the LPCM possesses good performances of high voltage gain and invariant output characteristic under different operating conditions.


Signal Processing and Control
55.2.45    L. Coppola, Qian Liu, S. Buso, D. Boroyevich, A. Bell, "Wavelet Transform as an Alternative to the Short-Time Fourier Transform for the Study of Conducted Noise in Power Electronics," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 880-887, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper compares the characteristics of the classic and short time Fourier transform with the continuous wavelet transform. The wavelet transform perfectly suits the considered application, the study of the time evolution of frequency spectra in switched mode power supplies, which operate with significant transients. The analysis made with wavelets offers a means to better understand the generation and propagation of conducted noise from the noise source, the switching devices, to the point where the noise is actually measured, the line impedance stabilization network.

55.2.46    Heng Deng, R. Oruganti, D. Srinivasan, "A Simple Control Method for High-Performance UPS Inverters Through Output-Impedance Reduction," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 888-898, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The purpose of a voltage controller for uninterruptible-power-supply inverters is to produce stable output voltage with low distortion under all loading conditions, particularly under nonlinear loads and load transients. Since the output impedance of the inverter is the source for tracking error caused by load current, this paper proposes a simple digital feedback controller that focuses on reducing the output impedance of inverters by a feedback of the load current. The proposed control strategy ensures high-quality steady-state and dynamic responses from the inverter system. The design of the proposed digital controller is simple and requires only a reasonably accurate knowledge of the output L-C filter parameters. In addition, only the output voltage and the load current are sensed if the dc link voltage is constant. The results of simulations and experiments show that the proposed controller can achieve very low total harmonic distortion and fast dynamic response under varied loads including nonlinear loads with low switching frequency.

55.2.47    Heng Deng, R. Oruganti, D. Srinivasan, "Neural Controller for UPS Inverters Based on B-Spline Network," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 899-909, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a controller for uninterruptible power supply inverters based on a particular type of online-trained neural network, which is called the B-spline network (BSN). Due to its linear nature and local weight updating, the BSN controller is more suitable for real-time implementation than conventional multilayer feedforward neural controllers. Based on a frequency-domain stability analysis, a design methodology for determining the two main parameters of the BSN are presented. The model is found to be similar to that of an iterative learning control (ILC) scheme. However, unlike ILC, which requires a complex digital filter design that involves both causal and noncausal parts, the design procedure of the proposed BSN controller is straightforward and simple. Experimental results under various conditions show that the proposed controller can achieve excellent performance, comparable to that of a high-performance ILC scheme developed earlier. The proposed controller is an attractive alternative to both the multilayer feedforward neural controller and iterative learning controller in this and similar applications.

55.2.48    J. Luukko, K. Rauma, "Open-Loop Adaptive Filter for Power Electronics Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 910-917, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: An open-loop adaptive filter, which can be used in various power electronics control systems, is presented. The purpose of the filter is to give as fast a step response as possible while retaining good noise canceling properties. The proposed filter consists of a first-order infinite-impulse-response filter, the coefficients of which are adapted according to the changes in the input signal. In particular, good performance is obtained if the filter must suppress a low-frequency narrow-band noise. The performance of the filter is verified through step response simulations and with a laboratory prototype of a welding machine. The control system of the prototype is implemented on a field-programmable gate array. The proposed filter is compared to two optimum linear filters: (1) the moving average filter and (2) a filter whose step response and white noise gain are both optimized. The step response simulations show that, with the proposed filter, the step response time can be considerably decreased compared to these filters. The prototype also shows that, when using the proposed filter, the step response of the welding current can be made better than that of the original analog control.

55.2.49    LiMin Zhu, Han Ding, XiangYang Zhu, "Extraction of Periodic Signal Without External Reference by Time-Domain Average Scanning," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 918-927, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A novel signal-analysis technique that is capable of extracting periodic signals from noisy discrete-time observations without an additional external reference is presented. It is based on a derived formulation estimating the maximally allowable synchronous error for a given attenuation threshold after the time-domain averaging. First, a continuous signal is reconstructed from the discrete samples by using cubic-spline interpolation. Second, the region that the signal fundamental frequency may lie in is finely discretized, resulting in a number of candidates of the fundamental-frequency estimate. Third, for each candidate, the continuous signal is synchronously sampled, and the resultant discrete sequence is processed with the time-domain average. Such an operation of repeated sampling and averaging is referred to as scanning. Finally, the obtained series of average waveforms and their amplitude spectra are depicted as two gray images to visualize the computational results, and the waveforms and spectra of interest are picked out for further analysis. Examples are given to confirm the validity of the approach to diagnose machine faults under complicated conditions.


Embedded Systems
55.2.50    I. Baturone, F.J. Moreno-Velo, V. Blanco, J. Ferruz, "Design of Embedded DSP-Based Fuzzy Controllers for Autonomous Mobile Robots," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 928-936, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Fuzzy controllers are used in many applications because of their rapid design by translating heuristic knowledge, robustness against perturbations, and smoothness in the control action. However, they require parallel processing and special operators (such as fuzzification or defuzzification) which are not available in standard digital signal processors (DSPs), thus complicating their direct implementation. This paper describes an efficient design methodology that allows starting with any kind of fuzzy controller and subsequently transforming it until a system suitable for easy DSP implementation is obtained. Such methodology is greatly aided by the design environment Xfuzzy 3. The parking problem of an autonomous robot is described to illustrate the steps of this methodology. Real experiments with the autonomous robot ROMEO 4R demonstrate efficiency of the designed fuzzy controller embedded into a stand-alone card based on a fixed-point DSP from Texas Instruments.


Emerging Technology
55.2.51    Hing Kai Chan, "A Low-Cost Integrated Approach for Balancing an Array of Piezoresistive Sensors for Mass Production Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 937-940, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Offset error is inherently present in piezoresistive sensors. This is caused by a heterogeneous excitation response and static resistance of different sensing elements. Such an error makes applications with multiple sensors difficult because a proper calibration or normalization scheme is desired. A low-cost integrated approach which can provide a closed form mathematical solution for normalizing an array of piezoresistive sensors is presented in this paper. The proposed solution just needs a few external resistors and hence is most suitable for mass commercial applications. Necessary and sufficient conditions to derive the solution are considered. This technique could be used offline so that the sensors array could be used directly after going through the normalization procedures.

55.2.52    Yongtao Han, Yan-Fei Liu, "A Practical Transformer Core Loss Measurement Scheme for High-Frequency Power Converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 941-948, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A practical method to measure transformer core loss in a high-frequency switching mode power converter is proposed. The method is also applicable when the transformer has dc bias in the magnetizing current. Practical issues to minimize the measurement error are discussed. The measurement results are very close to simulation results obtained from a time-domain finite element analysis solver. Detailed error analysis for the proposed method provides useful guidelines on transformer core loss measurement for switching mode power supplies.

55.2.53    Hung-I Hsieh, Jhong-Shu Li, Dan Chen, "Effects of X Capacitors on EMI Filter Effectiveness," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 949-955, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The suppression mechanism of the differential-mode noise of an X capacitor in offline power supplies is, for the first time, attributed to two distinct concepts: 1) impedance mismatch (regarding a line impedance stabilization network or mains and the equivalent power supply noise source impedance) and 2) C(dv/dt) noise current balancing (to suppress mix-mode noise). The effectiveness of X capacitors is investigated with this theory, along with experimental supports. Understanding of the two aforementioned mechanisms gives better insight into filter effectiveness, which may lead to a more compact filter design.


Letters to the Editor
55.2.54    X. del Toro Garcia, A. Arias, M.G. Jayne, P.A. Witting, "Direct Torque Control of Induction Motors Utilizing Three-Level Voltage Source Inverters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 956-958, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A new control strategy for induction motors based on direct torque control is presented which employs a three-level inverter instead of the standard two-level inverter. The controller is designed to achieve a torque ripple reduction by taking advantage of the increase in the number of inverter states available in a three-level inverter. The harmonic distortion in the stator currents and the switching frequency of the semiconductor devices are also reduced in the new control system presented.

55.2.55    JiCheng Liu, JianHong Yao, "Wireless RF Identification System Based on SAW," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 958-961, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The passive RF identification system is discussed in this paper. The system uses the surface acoustic wave (SAW) as an identification tag and works at ISM-915 MHz. The system adopts a pair of passive dispersive SAW filters for pulse expansion and compression in order to improve antijamming performance and degrade the severe requirement for sensitivity of a wideband receiver. Then, the structure of the SAW tag, the principle of transmitter and receiver, and the DSP subsystem are discussed. Finally, testing results are demonstrated.

55.2.56    Yu-Kang Lo, Jian-Min Wang, Kai-Jen Pai, "Improved Commutation Method for a Full-Bridge Current-Source Inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 961-963, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A new commutation method for a full-bridge current-source inverter is presented. Three intermediate steps are inserted during the commutation to provide conducting paths for the load current. The step change of the load current and the resulting voltage spike are reduced. Experimental results which conform to the theoretical analysis are presented.

55.2.57    Yu-Kang Lo, Shang-Chin Yen, Chung-Yi Lin, "A High-Efficiency AC-to-DC Adaptor With a Low Standby Power Consumption," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 963-965, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A two-stage burst mode control scheme for an AC-to-DC adaptor is proposed in this paper. An upper limit for the output voltage is set to turn off both AC/DC and DC/DC controllers at no load. The burst-mode operations of the DC/DC and the AC/DC converters are in turn enabled when reaching the lower limit of the output voltage. Load analysis at standby mode is performed. A 50-mW no-load power loss is observed on an 80 W/12 V prototype adaptor.

55.2.58    N.J. Medrano-Marques, G. Zatorre-Navarro, S. Celma-Pueyo, "A Tunable Analog Conditioning Circuit Applied to Magnetoresistive Sensors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 966-969, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents an adaptive processing system based on analog-digital circuits to extend the linear range of angular position sensors compensating the temperature-dependent drift. System-level simulations give a sensor output improvement higher than 70%, which drastically reduces deviations due to temperature. The building block architecture characteristics make these circuits suitable for implementing the ldquosmartnessrdquo part of smart sensors in embedded systems.

55.2.59    Chien-Ming Wang, "A Novel Single-Stage High-Power-Factor Electronic Ballast With Symmetrical Half-Bridge Topology," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 969-972, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a novel single-stage high-power-factor electronic ballast with symmetrical half-bridge topology for fluorescent lamps. The proposed electronic ballast only uses a symmetrical half-bridge topology to procure the functions of a boost power-factor-correction converter and a half-bridge series parallel-loaded inverter. In spite of its simplicity, an excellent performance concerning load and supply is achieved, ensuring a sinusoidal and in-phase supply current. The conventional electronic ballast circuit has larger conduction losses because its power-factor-correction (PFC) power flow path circuit always includes two diode losses from the front-end bridge rectifier and one power switch loss. The PFC power flow path of the proposed circuit has only two conduction drops in the current flow paths. Therefore, it can provide lower conduction loss compared to the conventional one. A prototype circuit designed for a 40-W fluorescent lamp operating at 50-kHz switching frequency and 110-V line voltage is built and tested to verify the analytical predictions.

55.2.60    Chia-Yu Yao, Chin-Chih Yeh, "An Application of the Second-Order Passive Lead–Lag Loop Filter for Analog PLLs to the Third-Order Charge-Pump PLLs," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 972-974, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A second-order passive lead-lag loop filter for analog phase-locked loop (PLLs) is modified in this paper for the third-order charge-pump PLLs (CPPLLs). The analysis shows that the CPPLL employing the modified loop filter results in smaller area, lower power consumption, or better noise performance than the CPPLL employing the conventional loop filter.

55.2.61    "Call for papers-application and control of doubly fed induction machines," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 975-975, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

55.2.62    "Explore IEL IEEE's most comprehensive resource," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 976-976, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

55.2.63    "IEEE Industrial Electronics Society Information," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. C3-C3, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

55.2.64    "IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics information for authors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. C4-C4, Feb 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

 IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 

Volume 55,  Number 3, March 2008           Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE     IE Transactions Home Page



                 Special Section Papers
55.3.1    "Table of Contents," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. C1-978, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

55.3.2    "IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics publication information," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. C2-C2, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

55.3.3    J. Rodriguez, B. Wu, S. Bernet, J. O. Pontt, "Guest Editorial," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 979-981, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The ten papers in this special section focus on high-power drives.

55.3.4    S. Ceballos, J. Pou, E. Robles, I. Gabiola, J. Zaragoza, J.L. Villate, D. Boroyevich, "Three-Level Converter Topologies With Switch Breakdown Fault-Tolerance Capability," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 982-995, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents some modified topologies of the neutral-point-clamped converter. In all of them, the main change consists of adding a fourth leg, which is based on the flying-capacitor converter structure. The aim of this additional leg is to provide the converter with fault tolerance. Furthermore, during normal operation mode, this leg is able to provide a stiff neutral voltage. Consequently, the low-frequency voltage oscillations that appear at the neutral point of the standard three-level topology in some operating conditions no longer exist. As a result, the modulation strategy of the three main legs of the converter does not have to take care of voltage balance, and it can be designed to either achieve optimal output voltage spectra or improve the efficiency of the converter. Simulation and experimental results are presented to show the viability of this approach both under normal operation mode and in the event of faults.

55.3.5    V.G. Agelidis, A.I. Balouktsis, C. Cossar, "On Attaining the Multiple Solutions of Selective Harmonic Elimination PWM Three-Level Waveforms Through Function Minimization," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 996-1004, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Selective harmonic elimination pulsewidth modulation techniques are some of the control methods used in voltage/current source converters. However, challenges such as the task of finding all the multiple sets of solutions of the switching angles for a given problem may be difficult to deal with. In this paper, a direct minimization of the nonlinear transcendental trigonometric Fourier functions in combination with a random search is discussed. The unipolar (three-level) waveform is used to illustrate the proposed method confirming its ability to find multiple sets of solutions, including a case where 51 angles are sought for single- and three-phase applications. A simple harmonic distortion factor is studied for each set of solutions to assess their performance against the noneliminated harmonics. The results presented both at theoretical and experimental level are in close agreement and confirm the robustness of the proposed approach.

55.3.6    J. Holtz, N. Oikonomou, "Fast Dynamic Control of Medium Voltage Drives Operating at Very Low Switching Frequency—An Overview," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1005-1013, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Medium voltage AC machines fed by high-power inverters operate at a low switching frequency to restrain the switching losses of power semiconductor devices. Particular care is thus required in the design of the drive control system. The signal delay caused by low switching frequency operation increases undesired cross-coupling effects in vector-controlled schemes. These are not sufficiently compensated by established methods like feedforward control. Improvements are achieved by a more accurate modeling of the machine and the inverter. An adequate controller is introduced, having a transfer function with complex coefficients. The high harmonic distortion due to the low switching frequency is a tradeoff. Using synchronous optimal pulsewidth as an alternative permits reducing the switching frequency without increasing the harmonics. The detrimental effects of conventional control methods are eliminated by forcing the harmonic components on an optimal spatial trajectory. Deadbeat behavior and complete decoupling are thus achieved. The performance of the aforementioned schemes is compared based on mathematical analyses and experimental results.

55.3.7    Yu Liu, Fang Lin Luo, "Trinary Hybrid 81-Level Multilevel Inverter for Motor Drive With Zero Common-Mode Voltage," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1014-1021, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a trinary hybrid 81-level multilevel inverter for motor drive. Benefiting from the trinary hybrid topology of the inverter, 81-level voltages per phase can be synthesized with the fewest components. Bidirectional DC-DC converters are used not only to inject power to the DC links of the inverter but also to absorb power from some DC links in cases with a lower modulation index. The higher bandwidth of DC-DC converters alleviates the ripples of DC-link voltages caused by the load current. The space vector modulation used here, which selects voltage vectors that generate a zero common-mode voltage in the load, works at a low switching frequency. With up to 81-level voltages per phase, the total harmonic distortion is small, and the relationship between the fundamental load voltage and the modulation index is precisely linear. A vector controller is used to control an induction motor, which results in a high dynamic response for speeds or torques. The performance of the proposed inverter for the motor drive is confirmed by simulation and experiment.

55.3.8    Yun Wei Li, Bin Wu, D. Xu, N.R. Zargari, "Space Vector Sequence Investigation and Synchronization Methods for Active Front-End Rectifiers in High-Power Current-Source Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1022-1034, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Space vector pulsewidth modulation (PWM) schemes for the active front end of a high-power drive normally produce low-order and suborder harmonics due to the low switching frequency and the drifting of synchronization between the PWM waveform and the rectifier input frequency. To provide a synchronized PWM and achieve the best harmonic performance, different space vector sequences suitable for a current-source converter are investigated in this paper. Details on how to achieve the waveform symmetries with a minimum switching frequency for each sequence are discussed. A thorough comparison of the harmonic performance of different space vector sequences is carried out. An optimum space vector modulation method by switching between two best sequences is proposed to achieve the best line-current total harmonic distortion with reduced switching losses. In addition, two synchronization methods, namely a PWM frame regulation method and a direct digital phase-locked loop synchronization method, are proposed. Both methods are equally effective in providing tight synchronization of the PWM waveform with the rectifier input frequency. The work has been verified in simulation and experiment.

55.3.9    K. Jalili, N. Weitendorf, S. Bernet, "Behavior of PWM Active Front Ends in the Presence of Parallel Thyristor Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1035-1046, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper investigates the effects of grid voltage distortions caused by thyristor converters on the steady-state performance of a pulsewidth modulation (PWM) rectifier with dc voltage link for low-voltage applications. The disturbance transfer function of the current control loop is used to analyze the effects of grid distortions. Influences of the current controller, the phase-locked loop parameters, and the filter inductance on the generated current harmonics are presented. For existing grid voltage harmonics, the amplitude of the corresponding current harmonics are determined and compared to measured current harmonics using a 400-V 40-kW test bench consisting of a PWM rectifier with voltage dc link parallel to a 40-kW thyristor converter.

55.3.10    R. Gupta, A. Ghosh, A. Joshi, "Switching Characterization of Cascaded Multilevel-Inverter-Controlled Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1047-1058, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, the method of triangular carrier switching control of two-level inverters is extended to cascaded multilevel inverters using phase-shifted multicarrier unipolar pulsewidth modulation (PWM). The condition for smooth modulation is obtained using the Bessel's function representation of the PWM output and the switching condition of the multilevel-inverter-controlled system. A method is proposed for the determination of the minimum amplitude of the triangular carrier for smooth modulation at fixed switching frequency. It is shown that the multilevel modulation based on the phase-shifted carriers significantly reduces the ripple magnitude in the switching function and allows the use of a smaller carrier amplitude under closed loop. This increases the forward gain and, hence, improves the tracking characteristics. The proposed cascaded multilevel inverter control is implemented for the operation of a distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) in the voltage control mode. The experimental verification of the theoretical and simulation results is provided through a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) based control of a laboratory model of a single-phase DSTATCOM.

55.3.11    P. Lezana, J. Rodriguez, D.A. Oyarzun, "Cascaded Multilevel Inverter With Regeneration Capability and Reduced Number of Switches," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1059-1066, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Multilevel converters are a very interesting alternative for medium and high power drives. One of the more flexible topologies of this type is the cascaded multicell converter. This paper proposes the use of a single-phase reduced cell suitable for cascaded multilevel converters. This cell uses a reduced single-phase active rectifier at the input and an H-bridge inverter at the output side. This topology presents a very good performance, effectively controlling the waveform of the input current and of the output voltage and allowing operation in the motoring and regenerative mode. The results presented in this paper confirm that this medium voltage inverter effectively eliminates low frequency input current harmonics at the primary side of the transformer and operates without problems in regenerative mode.

55.3.12    S. Ceballos, J. Pou, J. Zaragoza, J.L. Martin, E. Robles, I. Gabiola, P. Ibanez, "Efficient Modulation Technique for a Four-Leg Fault-Tolerant Neutral-Point-Clamped Inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1067-1074, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a new low-loss modulation technique for the hybrid three-level four-leg converter. The total losses of the converter are reduced by about 18% on average compared to the standard three-leg neutral-point-clamped converter. Furthermore, the low-frequency voltage oscillation in the neutral point is completely cancelled, and the maximum benefit of the dc-link voltage is obtained. All these facts, together with the fault-tolerant ability due to the fourth leg, make this topology very interesting for applications such as wind generation, in which it is important to maximize efficiency and reliability. Some experimental results confirm the good performance of the proposed modulation technique.

55.3.13    K. Szabat, T. Orlowska-Kowalska, "Performance Improvement of Industrial Drives With Mechanical Elasticity Using Nonlinear Adaptive Kalman Filter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1075-1084, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper deals with the application of the adaptive control structure for torsional vibration suppression in the drive system with an elastic coupling. The proportional-integral speed controller and gain factors of two additional feedback loops, from the shaft torque and load side speed, are tuned on-line according to the changeable load side inertia. This parameter, as well as other mechanical variables of the drive system (load side speed, torsional and load torques), are estimated with the use of the developed nonlinear extended Kalman filter (NEKF). The initial values of the Kalman filter covariance matrices are set using the genetic algorithm. Then, to ensure the smallest state and parameter estimation errors, the on-line adaptation law for the chosen element of the state covariance matrix of the NEKF is proposed. The described control strategy is tested in an open and a closed-loop control structure. The simulation results are confirmed by laboratory experiments.


Single-Phase Electronics
55.3.14    J.M. Alonso, C. Ordiz, M.A. Dalla Costa, "A Novel Control Method for Piezoelectric-Transformer Based Power Supplies Assuring Zero-Voltage-Switching Operation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1085-1089, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a new control strategy that allows zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) operation of power converters using piezoelectric transformers (PTs) is proposed. The control circuit operates in a closed loop by measuring the phase between the PTs resonant current and the switching pattern and adjusting the switching frequency to the optimum value so that ZVS operation is assured. An innovative nonlinear regulator based on an analog multiplexer is presented. The regulator automatically swaps the signs of the sensed signal and the reference signal to allow generation of the adequate control action. A laboratory prototype for a 6 W resonant inverter was tested; obtained experimental results are also shown.

55.3.15    J.M. Alonso, M.A. Dalla Costa, C. Ordiz, "Integrated Buck-Flyback Converter as a High-Power-Factor Off-Line Power Supply," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1090-1100, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper investigates the integrated buck-flyback converter (IBFC) as a good solution for implementing low-cost high-power-factor ac-dc converters with fast output regulation. It will be shown that, when both buck and flyback semistages are operated in discontinuous conduction mode, the voltage across the bulk capacitor, which is used to store energy at low frequency, is independent of the output power. This makes it possible to maintain the bulk capacitor voltage at a low value within the whole line voltage range. The off-line operating modes of the IBFC are also investigated to demonstrate that the control switch of the proposed converter handles lower root-mean-square currents than those in similar integrated converters. The off-line operation of the IBFC is analyzed to obtain the design characteristics of the bulk capacitor voltage. Finally, the design and experimental results of a universal input 48 V-output 100 W ac-dc converter operating at 100 kHz is presented. Experiments show that the IEC-61000-3-2 input current harmonic limits are well satisfied and efficiency can be as high as 82%.

55.3.16    Jiann-Jong Chen, Fong-Cheng Yang, Chih-Chiang Chen, "A New Monolithic Fast-Response Buck Converter Using Spike-Reduction Current-Sensing Circuits," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1101-1111, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A new monolithic fast-response buck converter using spike-reduction current-sensing circuits is proposed in this paper. The proposed converters are designed and implemented with TSMC 0.35-mum DPQM CMOS processes. The operation frequency can be up to 1.887 MHz. The response time is only 2 mus and compared with other references. The maximum output current is 750 mA, and the maximum power efficiency can be up to 89.1% at 2.442-W output power. The chip area is only 2.157 mm2.

55.3.17    M.A. Dalla Costa, J.M. Alonso, J.C. Miranda, J. Garcia, D.G. Lamar, "A Single-Stage High-Power-Factor Electronic Ballast Based on Integrated Buck Flyback Converter to Supply Metal Halide Lamps," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1112-1122, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a novel single-stage electronic ballast with a high power factor is presented. The ballast circuit is based on the integration of a buck converter to provide the power factor correction, and a flyback converter to control the lamp power and to supply the lamp with a low-frequency square-waveform current. Both converters work in discontinuous conduction mode, which simplifies the control. In spite of being an integrated topology, the circuit does not present additional stress of voltage or current in the main switch, which handles only the flyback or buck current, depending on the operation mode. To supply the lamp with a low-frequency square-wave current to avoid acoustic resonances, the flyback has two secondary windings that operate complementarily at a low frequency. The design procedure of the converters is also detailed. Experimental results from a 35-W metal halide lamp are presented, where the proposed ballast reached a power factor of 0.95, a total harmonic distortion of 30% (complying with IEC 61000-3-2), and an efficiency of 90%.

55.3.18    E.H. Ismail, A.J. Sabzali, M.A. Al-Saffar, "Buck–Boost-Type Unity Power Factor Rectifier With Extended Voltage Conversion Ratio," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1123-1132, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A buck-boost-type unity power factor rectifier is proposed in this paper. The main advantage of the proposed rectifier over the conventional buck-boost type is that it can perform input power factor correction (PFC) over a wider voltage conversion range. With a single switch, a fast well-regulated output voltage is achieved with a zero-current switch at turn-on. Moreover, the switch voltage stress is independent of converter load variation. The proposed converter is well suited for universal offline PFC applications for a low power range (<150 W ). The feasibility of the converter is confirmed with results obtained from a computer simulation and from an experimental prototype.

55.3.19    A. Khaligh, A.m. Rahimi, A. Emadi, "Modified Pulse-Adjustment Technique to Control DC/DC Converters Driving Variable Constant-Power Loads," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1133-1146, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Multiconverter-distributed DC architectures have been utilized for power distribution in many applications such as telecommunication systems, sea and undersea vehicles, an international space station, aircraft, electric vehicles, hybrid-electric vehicles, and fuel-cell vehicles, where reliability is of prime concern. The number of power-electronic converters (AC/DC, DC/DC, DC/AC, and AC/AC) in these multiconverter electrical power systems varies from a few converters in a conventional land vehicle, to tens of converters in an advanced aircraft, and to hundreds of converters in the international space station. In these advanced applications, power-electronic converters might need to have a tight output-voltage regulation. From the output perspective, this property is highly desirable. However, since power-electronic converters are efficient, tight regulation of the output makes the converter appear as a constant-power load (CPL) at its input side. Dynamic behavior of CPLs is equivalent to negative impedance and, therefore, can result in instability of the interconnected power system. In order to mitigate the instability of the power converters loaded by CPLs, this paper presents the pulse-adjustment digital control technique. It is simple and easy to implement in application-specific integrated circuits, digital-signal processors, or field-programmable gate arrays. Moreover, its dynamic response is fast and robust. Line and load regulations are simply achievable using this technique. Analytical, as well as simulation and experimental results of applying the proposed method to a DC/DC buck-boost converter confirm the validity of the presented technique.

55.3.20    J.C.W. Lam, P.K. Jain, "A Modified Valley Fill Electronic Ballast Having a Current Source Resonant Inverter With Improved Line-Current Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), High Power Factor, and Low Lamp Crest Factor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1147-1159, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a modified valley fill (VF) circuit is employed to combine with a current-fed resonant inverter as a passive high power factor (PF) electronic ballast. A conventional VF circuit limits the line current to conduct when the conduction angles are: 30deg les omegat les 150deg and 210deg les omegat les 330deg during the line period, which results in high total harmonic distortion (THD). The modified VF circuit has the following advantage: When the capacitors are connected in parallel, the voltage across the capacitors is one-third of the peak voltage, which allows the conduction angle of the line current to be further extended to 19.5deg les omegat les 160.5deg and 199.5deg les omegat les 340.5deg, so that a lower THD can be achieved. The high lamp crest factor (CF) problem generated by the high ripple voltage from the modified VF circuit is improved in the proposed ballast as variable frequency control is employed to continuously regulate the lamp current. An experimental prototype is then built in the laboratory to verify the feasibility of the proposed work for a 26-W compact fluorescent lamp. The final results confirm that a PF of 0.986 and a lamp CF of 1.49 are achieved with the proposed circuit, whereas a PF of 0.96 is achieved with the conventional VF ballast.

55.3.21    Siew-Chong Tan, Y.M. Lai, C.K. Tse, "General Design Issues of Sliding-Mode Controllers in DC–DC Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1160-1174, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper examines the practical design issues of sliding-mode (SM) controllers as applied to the control of dc-dc converters. A comprehensive review of the relevant literature is first provided. Major problems that prevent the use of SM control in dc-dc converters for industrial and commercial applications are investigated. Possible solutions are derived, and practical design procedures are outlined. The performance of SM control is compared with that of conventional linear control in terms of transient characteristics. It has been shown that the use of SM control can lead to an improved robustness in providing consistent transient responses over a wide range of operating conditions.


Multiphase Systems
55.3.22    L. Asiminoaei, E. Aeloiza, P.N. Enjeti, F. Blaabjerg, "Shunt Active-Power-Filter Topology Based on Parallel Interleaved Inverters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1175-1189, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, an interleaved active-power-filter concept with reduced size of passive components is discussed. The topology is composed of two pulsewidth-modulation interleaved voltage-source inverters connected together on the ac line and sharing the same dc-link capacitor. The advantages of the proposed approach are as follows: 1. significant reduction in the linkage inductors' size by decreasing the line-current ripple due to the interleaving; 2. reduction of the switching stress in the dc-link capacitor, due to the shared connection; and 3. more accurate compensation for high-power applications, because the power sharing allows one to use a higher switching frequency in each inverter. This paper analyzes the design of the passive components and gives a practical and low-cost solution for the minimization of the circulation currents between the inverters, by using common-mode coils. Several simulation results are discussed, and experimental results with a three-phase 10-kVA 400-V unit are obtained to validate the theoretical analysis.

55.3.23    A.M. Eltamaly, "A Modified Harmonics Reduction Technique for a Three-Phase Controlled Converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1190-1197, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Three-phase controlled converters have many applications especially in adjustable speed drives and renewable energy. A three-phase controlled converter is a good option in these applications due to its low cost, simplicity, and maintainability with respect to other solutions like a full-bridge insulated gate bipolar transistor converter or a Vienna rectifier. Line current harmonics in this converter is very high; therefore, a harmonics reduction technique is needed to remedy the problem. In this paper, an improved injection current technique is introduced to reduce line current harmonics. The optimal amplitude and phase angle of the injection current for different loads and firing angles have been mathematically determined. Simulation for this technique has been performed by using the PSIM simulation program. An experimental prototype has been built to verify the mathematical and simulation results. The simulation and experimental results show a sensitive variation in the total harmonic distortion of the line current for the amplitude and angle of injection current variations. The simulation and experimental results prove the superiority of this technique in mitigating the requirements for harmonics standards.

55.3.24    S. Jalbrzykowski, T. Citko, "Current-Fed Resonant Full-Bridge Boost DC/AC/DC Converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1198-1205, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a current-fed full-bridge boost DC/AC/DC converter with transformer isolation operating without switching power dissipation. The output voltage is regulated by DC/AC converter control frequency changes with a constant turn-off time of transistors. The proposed converter is devoid of parasitic oscillations, as all of the parasitic capacitances and inductances are included in a resonant tank circuit. In this paper, the system operation is first explained, then a mathematical description that is useful for its design is provided, and finally, a report on the implementation of a laboratory prototype with 1.4-kW power is presented.

55.3.25    S.V. Mollov, M.P. Theodoridis, "A Frequency Multiplication Resonant Inverter With Constant Frequency Phase Control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1206-1212, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The schematic and analysis of a voltage-fed resonant inverter are presented in this paper. The topology of the inverter allows operation of the resonant tank at higher harmonics and multiples of the switching frequency. The resulting loss in voltage gain is compensated through the use of multiple commutation poles employing low-cost modestly rated MOSFETs. The proposed topology can control power throughput at a fixed frequency through pole phase-shift modulation. Zero voltage switching is maintained down to no load and within the entire input voltage range. Measurements from a multimegahertz 100-W inverter confirm the theoretical predictions, as well as the suggested design and control approach.

55.3.26    N.B.H. Youssef, K. Al-Haddad, H.Y. Kanaan, "Large-Signal Modeling and Steady-State Analysis of a 1.5-kW Three-Phase/Switch/Level (Vienna) Rectifier With Experimental Validation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1213-1224, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a large-signal modeling technique has been developed for a three-phase, three-level Vienna rectifier operating in continuous conduction mode. The considered circuit is a fifth-order system with time-varying variables on the ac side. This model is first established in the direct abc reference frame using the state space averaging technique, then modified through an abc/dqo transform and adequate duty cycle alteration to avoid time-dependency. The system stability in a closed loop, using a multiloop PI-based control scheme, is proved by the convergence of the phase plane trajectories to the nominal point for any initial condition. These curves are drawn as ac line peak currents as a function of total output dc voltage. The different relationships governing the system inputs/outputs are verified not only for the nominal operating point, but also for a wide operation range. The accuracy of the proposed model is verified on a 1.5-kW experimental prototype controlled by the DS-1104 board of dSPACE. The converter large signal behavior is experimentally analyzed using output time domain responses toward different input variations. Significantly high accordance between the experimental results and the theoretical model, implemented with SIMULINK/Matlab, is verified.

55.3.27    N.B.H. Youssef, K. Al-Haddad, H.Y. Kanaan, "Real-Time Implementation of a Discrete Nonlinearity Compensating Multiloops Control Technique for a 1.5-kW Three-Phase/Switch/Level Vienna Converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1225-1234, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents and analyzes experimental results of a new discrete multiloop nonlinear control scheme, applied to a 1.5-kW laboratory prototype of a three-phase/level/switch boost-type Vienna rectifier. As for most split dc-bus voltage switched-mode rectifiers, the proposed control technique aims to ensure ac line currents shaping, output dc-bus voltage regulation and dc load unbalance compensation. The proposed technique is based on the dq nonlinear averaged model of the converter. To cancel the inherent nonlinearity of the converter, an input- to-output transform is applied to both inner and outer loops, thus linearizing the system and allowing the application of conventional linear pole placement method for controller tuning. The rectifier performance, during both nominal and severe operating conditions, are then evaluated in real-time using the dSPACE DS 1104 controller board, supported by a Matlab/Simulink real-time workshop environment.

55.3.28    Qingrong Zeng, Liuchen Chang, "An Advanced SVPWM-Based Predictive Current Controller for Three-Phase Inverters in Distributed Generation Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1235-1246, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Space vector pulsewidth modulation (SVPWM) has been widely applied in the current control of three-phase voltage source inverters (VSIs). However, for grid-connected VSIs in distributed generation (DG) systems, the performance of current controllers based on SVPWM is compromised by the grid harmonics and the control delay due to computation and sampling. In this paper, an advanced SVPWM-based predictive current controller is proposed and studied. The controller mimics deadbeat control in the synchronous d-q reference frame, and is very simple and robust to implement. With the necessary grid voltage detection in DG systems for protection, grid harmonics disturbance is effectively suppressed through feedforward compensation. Based on a dual-timer sampling scheme, the control delay compensation becomes more simple yet effective. The comprehensive analysis on the proposed predictive current control system is provided. The simulation and experimental test results show that the proposed current controller has an excellent steady-state response as well as an extremely fast dynamic response.


Renewable Energy Systems
55.3.29    M.H. Todorovic, L. Palma, P.N. Enjeti, "Design of a Wide Input Range DC–DC Converter With a Robust Power Control Scheme Suitable for Fuel Cell Power Conversion," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1247-1255, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, an analysis and design of a wide input range dc-dc converter is proposed along with a robust power control scheme. The proposed converter and its control are designed to be compatible with a fuel cell power source, which exhibits 2 : 1 voltage variation as well as a slow transient response. The proposed approach consists of two stages: a three-level boost converter stage cascaded with a current-fed two-inductor boost converter topology, which has a higher voltage gain and provides galvanic isolation from the input source. The function of the front-end boost converter stage is to maintain a constant voltage at the input of the cascaded dc-dc converter to ensure optimal performance characteristics and high efficiency. At the output of the first boost converter, a battery or ultracapacitor energy storage is connected to handle slow transient response of the fuel cell (200 W/min). The robust features of the proposed control system ensure a constant output dc voltage for a variety of load fluctuations, thus limiting the power being delivered by the fuel cell during a load transient. Moreover, the proposed configuration simplifies power management and can interact with the fuel cell controller. Simulation and the experimental results confirm the feasibility of the proposed system.


Robotics and Mechatronics
55.3.30    A. Chatterjee, R. Chatterjee, F. Matsuno, T. Endo, "Augmented Stable Fuzzy Control for Flexible Robotic Arm Using LMI Approach and Neuro-Fuzzy State Space Modeling," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1256-1270, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Designing the control strategy for a flexible robotic arm has long been considered a complex problem as it requires stabilizing the vibration simultaneously with the primary objective of position control. A stable state-feedback fuzzy controller is proposed here for such a flexible arm. The controller is designed on the basis of a neuro-fuzzy state-space model that is successfully trained using the experimental data acquired from a real robotic arm. The complex problem of solving stability conditions is taken care of by recasting them in the form of linear matrix inequalities and then solving them using a popular interior-point-based method. This asymptotically stable fuzzy controller is further augmented to provide enhanced transient performance along with maintaining the excellent steady-state performance shown by the stable control strategy. The controller hence designed has been successfully implemented for a real robotic arm to operate over a long angular range of 180 with several payload conditions and, for situations where the system is operated for a long range and with a large variation in payload conditions, it could successfully outperform the recently proposed proportional derivative and strain controller.

55.3.31    H. Minakata, H. Seki, S. Tadakuma, "A Study of Energy-Saving Shoes for Robot Considering Lateral Plane Motion," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1271-1276, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, we propose a flexible shoe system for biped robots to optimize energy consumption of the lateral plane motion. This shoe system is made to deform decline outside in the lateral plane and it can absorb the kinetic energy of the robot in the lateral plane. Furthermore, this hardware (shoes) and software (controller) can be easily applicable to the ordinary walking robot system. The effectiveness and characteristics of this system are confirmed by computer simulations and experimental results. It is confirmed that the stiffness of the shoe is a very important parameter for energy consumption by using computer simulations and experimental results.

55.3.32    H. Ohara, T. Murakami, "A Stability Control by Active Angle Control of Front-Wheel in a Vehicle System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1277-1285, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Side-slip angle information is required for stabilizing a vehicle. Conventional stability control methods assume that side-slip angle information can be obtained directly from a sensor. However, this is difficult to do in a normal car because an expensive sensor is needed to realize these methods. In this paper, a strategy for stability control based on the estimated side-slip is proposed. First, a novel linear observer that can make the estimated error small compared with the conventional linear observer is designed. Second, the yaw rate following the controller is constructed. To implement this control system in an actual vehicle system, a steering angle controller is designed. Finally, to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed control system, numerical simulation is implemented with the consideration of a gust of wind and vehicle modeling error. Also, running a vehicle experiment on the road is shown.

55.3.33    Junping Wang, Hyungsuck Cho, "Micropeg and Hole Alignment Using Image Moments Based Visual Servoing Method," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1286-1294, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The conventional image-based visual servoing leads to image singularities that might cause control instabilities. To avoid this problem, in this paper, the image moments are used as features for visual servoing, where the Jacobian matrix is full rank and upper triangular. Thus, it has the maximal decoupled structure and simplifies the controller. The general analytical form of the interaction matrix or the Jacobian matrix considering the camera parameters related to any image moments is derived in this paper. As a servoing controller, an optimal visual PD controller is presented to improve the performance of the visual servoing system instead of the P controller, which is the method extensively used in visual servoing. A genetic algorithm-based PD parameters tuning method is applied to obtain the optimal parameters. The method proposed is used to align the micropeg and hole, and the simulation results show that the object can reach its desired position faster and more smoothly.


Drive Control
55.3.34    Jui-Yuan Chai, Yeh-Hsiang Ho, Yu-Choung Chang, Chang-Ming Liaw, "On Acoustic-Noise-Reduction Control Using Random Switching Technique for Switch-Mode Rectifiers in PMSM Drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1295-1309, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents an acoustic-noise-reduction control using a random switching technique for front-end switch-mode rectifiers (SMRs) of a permanent-magnet synchronous-motor (PMSM) drive. First, the PMSM drive and its front-end ac-switch-based SMR are established. The proper controls are conducted to let the motor drive possess good driving characteristics. In the acoustic-noise-reduction control for a low-frequency SMR under a voltage closed-loop control, the important audible vibration modes of the SMR inductor are first identified from the measurements. Then, the controls for eliminating one specific vibration mode and two vibration modes simultaneously via deterministic and stochastic approaches are studied. Specifically, a novel random three-stage excitation scheme is devised. As to the high-frequency SMRs, the random switching frequency ramp-comparison current-controlled pulse-width modulation (CCPWM) scheme and the randomly varying band hysteresis CCPWM scheme are developed. Theoretical bases of all the proposed control approaches are derived, and their comparative performances are evaluated experimentally.

55.3.35    A.M. da Silva, R.J. Povinelli, N.A.O. Demerdash, "Induction Machine Broken Bar and Stator Short-Circuit Fault Diagnostics Based on Three-Phase Stator Current Envelopes," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1310-1318, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A new method for the fault diagnosis of a broken rotor bar and interturn short circuits in induction machines (IMs) is presented. The method is based on the analysis of the three-phase stator current envelopes of IMs using reconstructed phase space transforms. The signatures of each type of fault are created from the three-phase current envelope of each fault. The resulting fault signatures for the new so-called ldquounseen signalsrdquo are classified using Gaussian mixture models and a Bayesian maximum likelihood classifier. The presented method yields a high degree of accuracy in fault identification as evidenced by the given experimental results, which validate this method.

55.3.36    L. Harnefors, M. Hinkkanen, "Complete Stability of Reduced-Order and Full-Order Observers for Sensorless IM Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1319-1329, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, reduced-order observers for flux and speed estimation of sensorless induction-motor drives are analyzed. All gain selections, which give stability for all operating conditions, including the regeneration mode (called complete stability), are found. Furthermore, it is shown that full-order observers, under the assumption of fast stator-current dynamics, have equivalent implementations as reduced-order observers. Consequently, all gain selections of the full-order observer gains for which complete stability is obtained, under the assumption stated, are also found. A number of previously proposed full-order observers are analyzed within the developed framework, generally showing agreement between the full- and reduced-order models.

55.3.37    Cheol Jo, Ji-Yun Seol, In-Joong Ha, "Flux-Weakening Control of IPM Motors With Significant Effect of Magnetic Saturation and Stator Resistance," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1330-1340, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, we propose a systematic optimization approach to flux-weakening control of interior permanent-magnet (IPM) motors, which operate in magnetic saturation. The current commands are chosen to be optimal so as to minimize power loss not only in the constant-torque region but also in the constant-power region. Our approach aims at the same objective as the previously known flux-weakening control. Furthermore, the motor torque of an IPM motor in magnetic saturation can be made exactly linear with respect to the torque command. Thereby, our systematic approach can provide not only maximal power efficiency but also torque linearity. In doing so, we consider a more general situation than that considered in prior literature. Specifically speaking, the physical constraints in stator currents and voltages, and the effect of stator resistance are all taken into full account. As a result, the optimization problem becomes very complicated. Nonetheless, we have successfully found the approximate optimal solution, which can be readily implemented on a usual high-speed microprocessor. The practical effectiveness of the proposed control method is also demonstrated through various simulation and experimental results.

55.3.38    Ying-Shieh Kung, "Design and Implementation of a High-Performance PMLSM Drives Using DSP Chip," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1341-1351, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a digital signal processor (DSP)-based high-performance controller for use in permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM) drives. The PMLSM is mathematically modeled and the vector control scheme is used in the current loop of a PMLSM drive. Then, to increase the drive's performance, an adaptive fuzzy controller constructed by a fuzzy basis function and a parameter-adjustable mechanism is derived and applied to the position loop of the PMLSM drive to cope with the dynamic uncertainty and external load effect. Finally, a TMS320F2812 DSP chip produced by Texas Instruments is employed to implement the controller. The new-generation TMS320F2812 exhibits fast computation (150 MIPS) and a completely integrated motor peripheral circuit. Therefore, a fully digital controller for PMLSM drives, in which the current vector control scheme, space vector pulse width modulation generation, A/D conversion, coordinate transformation, quadrature encoder pulse detection, adaptive fuzzy controller, and point-to-point motion controller can be realized within a single DSP chip. An experimental system is established using a PMLSM, a DSP control board, an inverter, a rectifier, and other elements to verify the effectiveness of the proposed high-performance control system. Some experimental results are confirmed theoretically.


Signal Processing and Control
55.3.39    Jong-Jae Lee, Jung-Min Kwon, Eung-Ho Kim, Woo-Young Choi, Bong-Hwan Kwon, "Single-Stage Single-Switch PFC Flyback Converter Using a Synchronous Rectifier," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1352-1365, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A single-stage single-switch power factor correction (PFC) flyback converter with a synchronous rectifier (SR) is proposed for improving power factor and efficiency. Using a variable switching-frequency controller, this converter is continuously operated with a reduced turn-on switching loss at the boundary of the continuous conduction mode and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). The proposed PFC circuit provides relatively low dc-link voltage in the universal line voltage, and also complies with Standard IEC 61000-3-2 Class D limits. In addition, a new driving circuit as the voltage driven-synchronous rectifier is proposed to achieve high efficiency. In particular, since a driving signal is generated according to the voltage polarity, the SR driving circuit can easily be used in DCM applications. The proposed PFC circuit and SR driving circuit in the flyback converter with the reduced switching loss are analyzed in detail and optimized for high performance. Experimental results for a 19 V/90 W adapter at the variable switching-frequency of 30~70 kHz were obtained to show the performance of the proposed converter.

55.3.40    Chi-Huang Lu, Ching-Chih Tsai, "Adaptive Predictive Control With Recurrent Neural Network for Industrial Processes: An Application to Temperature Control of a Variable-Frequency Oil-Cooling Machine," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1366-1375, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: An adaptive predictive control with recurrent neural network prediction for industrial processes is presented. The neural predictive control law with integral action is derived based on the minimization of a modified predictive performance criterion. The stability and steady-state performance of the closed-loop control system are well studied. Numerical simulations reveal that the proposed control gives satisfactory tracking and disturbance rejection performance for two illustrative nonlinear systems with time-delay. Experimental results for temperature control of a variable-frequency oil-cooling process show the efficacy of the proposed method for industrial processes with set-points changes and load disturbances.

55.3.41    Won-Sang Ra, Hye-Jin Lee, Jin Bae Park, Tae-Sung Yoon, "Practical Pinch Detection Algorithm for Smart Automotive Power Window Control Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1376-1384, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: An improved pinch detection algorithm is proposed for low-cost antipinch window control systems. Apart from previous works, the proposed algorithm makes use of torque rate information to sense pinched conditions and to perform safety precautions. The motivation for this approach comes from the idea that the torque rate is less sensitive to motor parameter uncertainty than the torque or the angular velocity. The pinch estimator is designed by applying steady-state Kalman filter recursion to the augmented system model which includes the motor dynamics model and an additional torque rate state. The external torque rate is estimated using angular velocity measurements calculated from the Hall sensor output. A systematic way to set a reasonable threshold of the torque rate estimates under pinched conditions is suggested through deterministic estimation error analysis. Therefore, the proposed algorithm is able to prevent performance degradation due to the empirical threshold level as well as due to motor parameter variations. Experimental results show that our method satisfies EU legal requirements and guarantees robustness against parametric uncertainties.

55.3.42    P. Vadakkepat, P. Lim, L.C. De Silva, Liu Jing, Li Li Ling, "Multimodal Approach to Human-Face Detection and Tracking," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1385-1393, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The constructive need for robots to coexist with humans requires human-machine interaction. It is a challenge to operate these robots in such dynamic environments, which requires continuous decision-making and environment-attribute update in real-time. An autonomous robot guide is well suitable in places such as museums, libraries, schools, hospital, etc. This paper addresses a scenario where a robot tracks and follows a human. A neural network is utilized to learn the skin and nonskin colors. The skin-color probability map is utilized for skin classification and morphology-based preprocessing. Heuristic rule is used for face-ratio analysis and Bayesian cost analysis for label classification. A face-detection module, based on a 2D color model in the and YUV color space, is selected over the traditional skin-color model in a 3D color space. A modified continuously adaptive mean shift tracking mechanism in a 1D hue, saturation, and value color space is developed and implemented onto the mobile robot. In addition to the visual cues, the tracking process considers 16 sonar scan and tactile sensor readings from the robot to generate a robust measure of the person's distance from the robot. The robot thus decides an appropriate action, namely, to follow the human subject and perform obstacle avoidance. The proposed approach is orientation invariant under varying lighting conditions and invariant to natural transformations such as translation, rotation, and scaling. Such a multimodal solution is effective for face detection and tracking.


Diagnosis and Monitoring
55.3.43    Kuo-Tsai Chang, Hsuang-Chang Chiang, "Investigation of Electrical Transient Behavior for Ultrasonic Transducer in on/off Cycles," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1394-1403, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper investigates a theoretical analysis of electrical transient responses of a bolt-clamped Langevin ultrasonic transducer (BLT) and its verifications based on simulations and experiments during on/off transient states immediately after turning on/off. The simulations are determined by a power electronic simulator originally designed for power converters and motor drives. The responses include the open-circuit voltage, the terminal current, the motional current and the mechanical power loss. A linear equivalent circuit model with the initial conditions is stated first. This model is used to derive the responses characterized by simple closed-form equations. The off transient state as specified by the initial conditions regarding switching-off time of an ac sine source for the drive of the BLT is related to cyclic behavior. The derived responses are further checked by simulations and experiments. To obtain the experiments, a test system which contains an ac power supply, a digital oscilloscope and a control switch is needed. Finally, characteristics of the responses and effects of switching-on/off times of the ac sine source on the characteristics are discussed. The characteristics comprise the dc/ac time constants and the maximum/minimum wave amplitudes for the BLT during on/off transient states.

55.3.44    M. Drif, A.J.M. Cardoso, "Airgap-Eccentricity Fault Diagnosis, in Three-Phase Induction Motors, by the Complex Apparent Power Signature Analysis," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1404-1410, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper deals with the use of the signature analysis of the complex apparent power modulus as a new technique for the diagnostics of mixed airgap-eccentricity condition in operating three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors. First, a modeling and simulation study concerning the occurrence of airgap eccentricity in three-phase induction motors is presented. For that purpose, the winding function approach is considered. Then, both simulation and experimental results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. A suitable fault-severity factor is also proposed as an indicator of the condition of the machine.

55.3.45    Chih-Lyang Hwang, "Microprocessor-Based Fuzzy Decentralized Control of 2-D Piezo-Driven Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1411-1420, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, the trajectory tracking of a 2-D piezo-driven system (2DPDS) using microprocessor-based fuzzy decentralized control (MBFDC) is developed. It is known that the piezoelectric actuator contains hysteresis, which is not one-to-one mapping and memoryless nonlinearity. Due to this nonlinearity and the coupling characteristic of the 2DPDS, an effective decentralized control is difficult to design. From the very beginning, the suitable coefficients of switching surface are assigned to stabilize the dynamics of switching surface and to shape the response of tracking error. Based on the data of input/output, two scaling factors are employed to normalize the switching surface and its derivative. According to the concept of if-then rule, an appropriate rule table for the ith subsystem is then achieved. This table is skew symmetric about the diagonal line; the absolute value of this table is proportional to the distance to the diagonal line. According to the system stability, the output-scaling factor is determined. Finally, a sequence of experiments including the trajectory tracking using MBFDC, proportional-integral-differential control, and classic fuzzy control is carried out to confirm the usefulness of the proposed control system.


Emerging Technology
55.3.46    B. Ayhan, H.J. Trussell, Mo-Yuen Chow, Myung-Hyun Song, "On the Use of a Lower Sampling Rate for Broken Rotor Bar Detection With DTFT and AR-Based Spectrum Methods," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1421-1434, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Broken rotor bars in an induction motor create asymmetries and result in abnormal amplitude of the sidebands around the fundamental supply frequency and its harmonics. Motor current signature analysis (MCSA) techniques are applied to inspect the spectrum amplitudes at the broken rotor bar specific frequencies for abnormality and to decide about broken rotor bar fault detection and diagnosis. In this paper, we have demonstrated with experimental results that the use of a lower sampling rate with a digital notch filter is feasible for MCSA in broken rotor bar detection with discrete-time Fourier transform and autoregressive-based spectrum methods. The use of the lower sampling rate does not affect the performance of the fault detection, while requiring much less computation and low cost in implementation, which would make it easier to implement in embedded systems for motor condition monitoring.

55.3.47    Hung-I Hsieh, Liom Huwang, Tien-Chi Lin, Dan Chen, "Use of a $C_{z}$ Common-Mode Capacitor in Two-Wire and Three-Wire Offline Power Supplies," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1435-1443, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In a two-wire (no chassis ground) input offline power supply system, a filter capacitor is often connected between the primary side and the secondary side of the transformer for common-mode electromagnetic interference reduction. For three-wire offline power supplies, such a capacitor is also sometimes used for the same purpose. It is unclear how this filter capacitor works. In this paper, an explanation of the noise suppression mechanism of such a capacitor is given. From the understanding of the mechanism, it is noted that when properly connected, works fine, but when improperly connected, it makes the noise performance even worse. Suggestions were made with regard to a proper connection for a variety of converter configurations with different variations.

55.3.48    Lingyun Hu, Changjiu Zhou, Zengqi Sun, "Estimating Biped Gait Using Spline-Based Probability Distribution Function With Q-Learning," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1444-1452, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper studies the probability distribution functions of the parameters to be learned and optimized in biped gait generation. By formulating the gait pattern generation into a multiobjective optimization problem with consideration of geometric and state constraints, dynamically stable and low energy cost biped gaits are generated and optimized by the proposed method, namely Spline-based Estimation of Distribution Algorithm (EDA) with Q-learning updating rule (EDA_S_Q). Instead of assuming variables as independent ones, the relationship between them is exploited by formulating the corresponding probability models with the Catmull-Rom cubic spline function. Such kind of function is proved to be a suboptimal and adaptive realization of the cubic spline function and is capable of providing high-precision description. Moreover, the probability models are updated autonomously by Q-learning method, which is model-free and adaptive. Thus, EDA_S_Q can deal with complex probability distribution functions without a prior knowledge about the distribution. The biped gait generated by EDA_S_Q has been verified using the simulation model of a humanoid soccer robot Robo-Erectus. It also shows that EDA_S_Q can generate the desired biped gaits autonomously in short learning epochs. An interpretation of the transition probability distribution achieved by EDA_S_Q provides us easy understanding for biped locomotion and better control in humanoid robots.

55.3.49    Chia-Feng Juang, Chun-Ming Lu, Chiang Lo, Chi-Yen Wang, "Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm for Fuzzy Controller Design and Its FPGA Implementation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1453-1462, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: An ant colony optimization (ACO) application to a fuzzy controller (FC) design, called ACO-FC, is proposed in this paper for improving design efficiency and control performance, as well as ACO hardware implementation. An FC's antecedent part, i.e., the ldquoifrdquo part of its composing fuzzy if-then rules, is partitioned in grid-type, and all candidate rule consequent values are then listed. An ant trip is regarded as a combination of consequent values selected from every rule. A pheromone matrix among all candidate consequent values is constructed. Searching for the best one among all combinations of rule consequent values is based mainly on the pheromone matrix. The proposed ACO-FC performance is shown to be better than other metaheuristic design methods on simulation examples. The ACO used in ACO-FC is based on the known ant colony system and is hardware implemented on a field-programmable gate array chip. The ACO chip application to fuzzy control of a simulated water bath temperature control problem has verified the designed chip effectiveness.

55.3.50    Jian Sun, V. Mehrotra, "Orthogonal Winding Structures and Design for Planar Integrated Magnetics," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1463-1469, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a new winding design and implementation method for planar integrated magnetics (IM) to achieve high efficiency and high power density. The proposed design uses transformer and inductor windings that are orthogonal to each other in their plane orientations to minimize the capacitive coupling between them, as well as to reduce the thickness and the number of layers of the printed circuit board that hosts the windings. The orthogonal winding structures also result in lower dc resistance of the vertical winding and significantly reduce its eddy current losses. Applications of the proposed concept are demonstrated by an IM design for a 48-V-input 3.3-V-output 100-W half-bridge dc-dc converter with an integrated current-doubler rectifier. Finite-element analysis and prototype experimental results are presented to validate the proposed concept and its benefits.

55.3.51    Xinke Wu, Xiaogao Xie, Chen Zhao, Zhaoming Qian, Rongxiang Zhao, "Low Voltage and Current Stress ZVZCS Full Bridge DC–DC Converter Using Center Tapped Rectifier Reset," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1470-1477, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: An improved zero-voltage and zero-current-switching (ZVZCS) full bridge dc-dc converter is proposed based on phase shift control. With an auxiliary center tapped rectifier at the secondary side, an auxiliary voltage source is applied to reset the primary current of the transformer winding. Therefore, zero-voltage switching for the leading leg switches and zero-current switching for the lagging leg switches can be achieved, respectively, without any increase of current and voltage stresses. Since the primary current in the circulating interval for the phase shift full bridge converter is eliminated, the conduction loss in primary switches is reduced. A 1 kW prototype is made to verify the theoretical analysis.

55.3.52    Hyun-Ki Yoon, Sang-Kyoo Han, Eun-Seok Choi, Gun-Woo Moon, Myung-Joong Youn, "Zero-Voltage Switching and Soft-Commutating Two-Transformer Full-Bridge PWM Converter Using the Voltage-Ripple," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1478-1488, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A zero-voltage switching (ZVS) and soft-commutating two-transformer full-bridge pulsewidth modulation converter using the voltage ripple is proposed in this paper. It is based on the phase-shift full-bridge with series-connected two transformers (TTFB) that act as an output inductor as well as a main transformer. Moreover, the TTFB converter achieves the ZVS of all the switches inherently even at a light load using the energy stored in the magnetizing inductance of each transformer. However, it has several drawbacks such as circulating energy during the freewheeling state, loss of duty cycle, and high voltage stress across the output rectifier diodes. To overcome these drawbacks, the proposed converter employs an output-voltage-doubler, allowing the output rectifier diode to softly commutate with less voltage stress, to reduce the freewheeling interval as well as the circulating energy. The operational principle, technical analysis, and design considerations are described. Finally, the experimental results from a 425 W, 385 Vdc /170 Vdc prototype are presented to confirm the operation, validity, and features of the proposed converter.


Letters to the Editor
55.3.53    A.G. Abo-Khalil, Dong-Choon Lee, "MPPT Control of Wind Generation Systems Based on Estimated Wind Speed Using SVR," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1489-1490, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a novel algorithm for wind-speed estimation in wind-power generation systems is proposed, which is based on the theory of support-vector regression (SVR). The inputs of the SVR wind-speed estimator are chosen as the wind-turbine power and rotational speed. During the offline training, a specified model, which relates the inputs to the output, is obtained. Then, the wind speed is determined online from the instantaneous inputs. The experimental results have verified the validity of the proposed estimation algorithm.

55.3.54    Sung Young Kim, Kwanghee Nam, Hong-Seok Song, Ho-Gi Kim, "Fault Diagnosis of a ZVS DC–DC Converter Based on DC-Link Current Pulse Shapes," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1491-1494, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The dc-dc converter is a critical component in a hybrid electric vehicle since it supplies power to an electronic control unit, as well as chassis electric components such as power windows, wipers, etc. In this paper, a low-cost diagnostic method for MOSFET faults in a zero- voltage-switching dc-dc converter is proposed. The proposed method utilizes the dc-link current patterns as the signatures of faults of MOSFETs. A presignal processing circuit consists of a peak detector and an integrator circuit. The ratio of peak-to-integral values, which is similar to the crest factor, is useful for diagnosis.

55.3.55    "Call for papers-application and control of doubly fed induction machines," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1495-1495, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

55.3.56    "Explore IEL IEEE's most comprehensive resource," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1496-1496, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

55.3.57    "IEEE Industrial Electronics Society Information," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. C3-C3, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

55.3.58    "IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics information for authors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. C4-C4, March 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

 IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 

Volume 55,  Number 4, April 2008           Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE     IE Transactions Home Page



                 Special Section Papers
55.4.1    "Table of Contents," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. C1-1498, April 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

55.4.2    "IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics publication information," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. C2-C2, April 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

55.4.3    E. Monmasson, M. N. Cirstea, "Guest Editorial," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 1499-1500, April 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The seven papers in the second part of this special section focus on field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) used in industrial control systems. Five refer to power converter control applications and the other two are focused on control and robotic applications. The papers are summarized here.

55.4.4    L. Corradini, P. Mattavelli, E. Tedeschi, D. Trevisan, "High-Bandwidth Multisampled Digitally Controlled DC–DC Converters Using Ripple Compensation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 1501-1508, April 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper investigates multi sampled digitally controlled switched-mode power supplies with switching ripple compensation. In digital controllers for power converters, the main bandwidth limitations come from A/D conversion time, computational delays, and small-signal delay of the digital pulsewidth modulator (DPWM). In hard-wired digital-controller technologies, such as in dedicated digital IC and/or in field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), the calculation delays can be made negligible with respect to the switching period; thus, when fast ADCs are used, the overall phase lag is dominated by the DPWM. The multi sampling approach can strongly reduce the DPWM delay, thus breaking the bandwidth limitations of conventional single-sampled solutions. In this paper, the additional aliasing effects, which would require a filtering action, are avoided, exploiting the periodic nature of the switching ripple under steady-state conditions using a repetitive-based filtering action. Simulation and experimental results on a 1.2-V-10-A 500-kHz synchronous buck converter, where the digital control has been implemented in the FPGA, confirm the properties of the proposed solution.

55.4.5    W. Stefanutti, S. Saggini, P. Mattavelli, M. Ghioni, "Power Line Communication in Digitally Controlled DC–DC Converters Using Switching Frequency Modulation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 1509-1518, April 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper investigates power line communication (PLC) in digitally controlled high-frequency switched-mode power supplies in distributed architectures that share the same bus voltage. Communication between different DC-DC converters is obtained by using switching frequency modulation and by detecting the switching signal on the common supply bus voltage. In case of low power transmission, a small duty-cycle perturbation at half of switching frequency is added to enhance the energy of the transmitted signal. Each converter operates at three different switching frequencies: the first is associated with bit 1 transmission, the second is associated with bit 0 transmission, and the third is associated with no transmission state. In the proposed solution, there is no need for an additional power amplifier in order to inject the communication signal on the power lines, but the signal used for the PLC is inherently generated by the pulsewidth modulation of DC-DC converters. Even if aimed at a dedicated digital IC, the communication architecture has been implemented in field-programmable gate arrays. Simulation and experimental results on DC-DC synchronous buck converters confirm that the performance is achievable by the proposed PLC techniques.

55.4.6    F. Iannuzzo, "Race-Control Algorithm for the Full-Bridge PRCP Converter Using Cost-Effective FPGAs," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 1519-1526, April 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, the unedited race-control algorithm (RCA) for the full-bridge passive resonant commutated poles (FB-PRCP) converter is presented and implemented with a field-programmable gate-array technique. It compensates the drawbacks of that topology that are related to the slow dynamics of the auxiliary poles which are necessary to obtain zero-voltage transitions both at turn-on and turn-off conditions and makes possible its use in more general welding applications, such as manual metal arc welding, in which very fast responses are required. The proposed RCA is a simple variation of the traditional phase-shift technique, which leads to significant efficiency improvements. The guiding idea is to apply the phase-shift technique to both legs of the converter, contrarily to what has been done to date. Leg B is delayed when phase shift must be increased, whereas leg A is delayed when a phase-shift reduction is needed, contrarily to the traditional phase-shift technique, where Leg B is delayed or anticipated and Leg A is held at a fixed phase. In this way, the limitation in dynamics of the converter is completely eliminated and it gains much more readiness. The effectiveness of the RCA has been experimentally tested on a true converter.

55.4.7    Zeliang Shu, Yuhua Guo, Jisan Lian, "Steady-State and Dynamic Study of Active Power Filter With Efficient FPGA-Based Control Algorithm," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 1527-1536, April 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A new approach using field-programmable gate array (FPGA) to implement a fully digital control algorithm of active power filter (APF) is proposed in this paper. This FPGA-based controller integrates the whole signal-processing function of an APF, including synchronous-reference-frame transform, low-pass filter, three-phase phase-locked loop, inverter-current controller, etc. By case studies on the principle, performance, and architecture, these control blocks are implemented in real-time and synthesized into a medium-scale FPGA chip by adopting some useful digital-signal-processing techniques, such as pipelining, folding and strength reduction, with respect to minimization of hardware resource and enhancement of operating frequency. As a result, the whole algorithm needs around 5000 logic elements and can run at synchronous system-clock rates of up to 65 MHz. Experimental results on a laboratory prototype are given to demonstrate performance of the proposed approach during steady-state and dynamic operations.

55.4.8    O. Lopez, J. Alvarez, J. Doval-Gandoy, F.D. Freijedo, A. Nogueiras, A. Lago, C.M. Penalver, "Comparison of the FPGA Implementation of Two Multilevel Space Vector PWM Algorithms," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 1537-1547, April 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Multilevel converters can meet the increasing demand of power ratings and power quality associated with reduced harmonic distortion and lower electromagnetic interference. When the number of levels increases, it is necessary to control more and more switches in parallel. Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), with their concurrent processing capability, are suitable for the implementation of multilevel modulation algorithms. Among them, space vector pulsewidth modulation algorithms offer great flexibility to optimize switching waveforms and are well suited for digital implementation. In this paper, two algorithms, 2-D and 3-D, are analyzed and implemented in an FPGA. In order to carry out the implementation, both algorithms have been described in very high speed integrated circuit hardware description language, partly hand coded, and partly automatically generated using the system generator tool. Both implementations are compared in terms of implementation complexity and logic resources required. Finally, test results with a neutral-point-clamped inverter are presented.

55.4.9    Tianjian Li, Y. Fujimoto, "Control System With High-Speed and Real-Time Communication Links," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 1548-1557, April 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Recent technological advances have enabled distributed control systems to be implemented via networks. This allows feedback control loops to be closed over communication channels. This paper develops a control system with high-speed and real-time communication links. Two-degrees-of-freedom control is utilized in this servo control system, and sigma-delta modulation is employed to compress data and to transmit the signal over the transmission channels between the controller and the controlled plant. Simulation results show that the controller can compensate the possible existing noise in the transmission channels. In addition, the developed system is implemented in field-programmable gate arrays. We developed a real-time closed-loop control system that has a communication channel whose control-sampling period is 600 ns and can reduce the sampling period of the controller module to hundreds of nanoseconds.

55.4.10    L. Vachhani, K. Sridharan, "Hardware-Efficient Prediction-Correction-Based Generalized-Voronoi-Diagram Construction and FPGA Implementation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 1558-1569, April 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Sensor-based construction of different geometric structures has been an important development in the domain of autonomous robot navigation. This paper presents a hardware-efficient scheme to construct one such geometric structure, namely, the generalized Voronoi diagram (GVD), using a prediction-and- correction strategy. In this paper, an architecture to construct the GVD for an indoor environment with multiple obstacles whose geometry and location are not known beforehand is presented. A feature of the proposed approach is that it does not involve operations that are expensive in hardware. Furthermore, no explicit angle computation circuitry is needed. An efficient architecture based on hardware reuse is presented. The design is shown to be space efficient and fits in a low-end field-programmable gate-array (FPGA) device (with a small number of system gates). Detailed experiments with a mobile robot fabricated locally with a Xilinx XC2S200E FPGA and eight ultrasonic sensors onboard validate the efficacy of the proposed approach for static as well as dynamic environments.


Single-Phase Electronics
55.4.11    Po-Yuan Chen, M. Jinno, Yu-Min Shie, "Research on the Reverse Conduction of Synchronous Rectifiers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 1570-1575, April 2008.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Research on the reverse current phenomenon in synchronous rectifiers (SRs) is presented in this paper. For loss reduction, the SRs composed of metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) have recently been employed to replace the conventional rectifiers with diodes in low-voltage and high-current applications. Because the MOSFETs in the SRs are used as bidirectional switches, reverse current flow will probably occur. The reverse current phenomenon will cause